Lecture 13 - DA

Question 1

What were the earliest photosynthetic organisms?

Answer 1

Cyanobacteria.

Question 2

Are cyanobacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 2

Prokaryotic.

Question 3

What two pigments do cyanobacteria use?

Answer 3

Chlorophyll a, and phycobillins.

Question 4

What storage molecules do cyanobacteria use?

Answer 4

Gylcogen.

Question 5

What cell wall do cyanobacteria have?

Answer 5

Peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides.

Question 6

What kind of vacuole do cyanobacteria have, what what does this lend them?

Answer 6

Gas vacuole, allowing them to maintain buoyancy.

Question 7

Are cyanobacteria able to fix nitrogen?

Answer 7

Yes.

Question 8

How do cyanobacteria reproduce?

Answer 8

Binary fission.

Question 9

What kind of water pH do cyanobacteria like and dislike?

Answer 9

Alkali or neutral. Dislike acidic.

Question 10

Do cyanobacteria thrive with turbulence?

Answer 10

No, it can kill them.

Question 11

What two nutrients do cyanobacteria need to bloom?

Answer 11

Phosphates and nitrates.

Question 12

Do cyanobacterial blooms occur when P and N levels are minimal?

Answer 12

Yes, to luxury consumption and storage when nutrients are plentiful.

Question 13

What 6 factors affect cyanobacteria buoyancy?

Answer 13

Gas vacuole synthesis
Cell turgor pressure
Carbohydrate load
P limitation
Turbulence
Light intensity

Question 14

What does toxin production depend on? The deficiency of which two elements will cause toxicity?

Answer 14

Depends on environmental conditions.

Low C and N cause toxicity.

Question 15

Does toxin production equal bloom biomass? Do all blooms cause toxicity?

Answer 15

Toxin production doesn’t equal bloom biomass

Not all blooms cause toxicity

Question 16

Do toxin producing strains of cyanobacteria always produce toxins?

Answer 16

No.

Question 17

What are the two main types of toxins produced by cyanobacteria?

Answer 17

Neurotoxins

Hepatotoxins

Question 18

Are neurotoxins easily degraded?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What does saxitoxin do?

Answer 19

Blocks sodium channels.

Question 20

Are hepatotoxins easily degraded? Are they water soluble or lipid soluble?

Answer 20

No, they are stable. Are water soluble.

Question 21

What effect do cyanobacterial toxins have on the liver?

Answer 21

Intrahepatic haemorrhage, hepatomegaly, and necrosis

Question 22

Name 4 ways cyanobacteria can be controlled.

Answer 22

Reduction in eutrophication
Reducing runoff with P and N
Mechanical disturbance
Increasing turbulence to bursts gas vacuoles and sink cells

Question 23

Give an example for chemical control and biological control of cyanobacteria.

Answer 23

Chemical - mainly copper sulphate

Biological control - flagellates, amoeba, daphnids

Question 24

What are toxic dinoflagellate blooms called?

Answer 24

Red tides

Question 25

What storage molecules do dinoflagellates use?

Answer 25

Starch.

Question 26

What pigments do dinoflagellates use (3)?

Answer 26

Chlorophyll a and c, carotenoids.

Question 27

What reinforces dinoflagellates?

Answer 27

Plates of cellulose.

Question 28

How many flagella do dinoflagellates have?

Answer 28

2 in perpendicular grooves.

Question 29

Are dinoflagellates unicellular or colonial?

Answer 29

Mostly unicellular, but some colonial.

Question 30

What are dinoflagellates called in their benthic resting stage? Name both.

Answer 30

Hypnocysts | Pellicle cysts

Question 31

What are the walls like in hypnocysts? What about pellicle cysts?

Answer 31

Hypnocyst - thick walled | Pellicle - thin walled

Question 32

What is the reproduction like in hypnocysts? What about pellicle cysts?

Answer 32

Hypnocyst - sexual | Pellicle - asexual

Question 33

What is the longevity like in hypnocysts? What about pellicle cysts?

Answer 33

Hypnocyst - long lived | Pellicle - short lived

Question 34

Are cyanobacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 34

Eukaryotic

Question 35

What kind of relationship do dinoflagellates have with coral reefs?

Answer 35

Symbiotic.

Question 36

What is needed to germinate hypnocysts, and what can this lead to?

Answer 36

High temperatures needed, leading to a red tide.

Question 37

What can surface upwelling result in with dinoflagellates?

Answer 37

May lead to red tides.

Question 38

Aside from temperature and nutrition, what 3 factors can lead to a red tide?

Answer 38

Decreased salinity. Increased vitamin b12 Increased humic substance

Question 39

What are the respiratory symptoms of dinoflagellate toxins (4)?

Answer 39

Tract burning, sneezing, coughing, and allergy-like symptoms

Question 40

What are 2 chronic symptoms of dinoflagellate toxicity?

Answer 40

Affects many organelles, including in mitochondria | Can cause cardiovascular arrest by interfering with sodium channels

Question 41

What is the main toxin of dinoflagellates?

Answer 41

Saxitoxin.

Question 42

Name 3 ways dinoflagellates can be detected.

Answer 42

Immunoassay ELISA HPLC Mouse bioassay

Question 43

Name 2 ways cyanobacteria can be detected.

Answer 43

Mouse bioassay | Immunoassay ELISA