Lecture Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
when did victims get rights
A
1985/2015
2
Q
what was the effect of prohibition?
A
created more crime
3
Q
which way has the crime rate been trending?
A
down
4
Q
which way has fear of crime been trending?
A
up
5
Q
what decreases fear of crime
A
interpersonal interaction and community
6
Q
what are the responses to crime?
A
fear, blame, and punishment
7
Q
what is moral revulsion?
A
an emotional response to wrongdoing that demands harsh punishment
8
Q
intellectual response to crime?
A
f: search for way to calm down society
b: look for causes in indivs and society
pun: search for solutions
prevention
9
Q
emotional response to crime?
A
fear, blame, punishment, thrill, spectacle, entertainment value, moral revulsion
10
Q
what is media’s effect on crime?
A
it fuels the fear
11
Q
what is society’s effect on media reports pf crime?
A
they consume it, so media reports
12
Q
in what ways must crime be contextualised?
A
socially, politically, economically, culturally, demographically
13
Q
who was the creator of the first canadian criminal code?
A
sir james fitzjames simmons
14
Q
rules and evidence of crim procedure
A
- presumption of innocence
- burden of proof with crown - beyond reasonable doubt
- procedural justice - fair trial
- substantive justice - accuracy of outcome: truthfulness of accusation and accuracy of verdict - appropriateness of sentence
15
Q
summary conviction is from
A
judge
16
Q
jury trial is from
A
jury
17
Q
provincial prison sentence
A
2 or less years
18
Q
federal prison sentence
A
2+ years
19
Q
how does sociological perspective help?
A
- calm irrational elements of fear
- identify appropriate root causes
- identify strategies for controlling/reducing crime
20
Q
what is purpose of law in govt
A
to protect social fabric, not indiv
21
Q
what is the role of law
A
resolve disputes and restore justice
22
Q
what was the historical form of law
A
kin-based redress
23
Q
defenses to criminal charge
A
- insanity/automatism
- self-defence/necessity/compulsion
- provocation/drunkenness
- mistake of fact
24
Q
why necessity?
A
limits ability to make rational decisions
25
example of compulsion
save mom to go hospital, steal car
26
self-defence necessity
imminent danger - no other choice
27
why are domestic abuse charges often convicted?
lack of imminent danger
28
why do we punish?
- deterrence
- isolation
- rehabilitation
- justice
- retribution
29
general deterrence
to prevent general public from offending at all
30
specific deterrence
to combat recedivism
31
why isolation?
separating the dangerous from public
32
what is the dangerous offender legislation
worst of the worst and high change of reoffending
33
why rehabilitation?
get offenders into an environ where less likely to reoffend like young offenders legis
34
intermittent sentences
weekends in prison
35
suspended sentences
community service or probation, not prison, but still on crim record
36
restorative justice
making amends with community you've harmed
37
absolute discharge
wiped from crim record
38
conditional discharge
wiped if you follow certain conditions (counselling)
39
act reus
physical act of crime
40
mens reus
the intent
41
which reus' must be present for criminality?
both
42
measurements of crime
- cnd uniform crime reports (UCR)
- cnd ctr for justice stats (CCJS)
43
where is CCJS published?
juristat
44
what is the rate of collection?
100,000
45
why was crime severity index created?
1990s: abate fear
46
what do crime stats do?
- underestimate (black figure of crime)
- overrepresent (only rep most serious and unreliable rating superficially inflates)
47
geog profiling
using geog location to predict and prevent future crime
48
crime funnel
the gradual decrease between reports, charges, and convictions
49
what percent of crimes are actually completed
2%
50
what percent of crime do 20% of offenders commit?
80%
51
what percent of crime do the top 1% commit?
10%
52
trend crime rises which direction
east to west (west higher)
53
correlates of crime
- geog
- community
- climate
- temporal
- social
- sex
- age
- social class
- race and ethnicity
54
is there a difference between urban and rural crime?
no
55
what is demographic profile?
- age
- sex
- race
- class
56
what is class?
- income
- education
- occupation
57
most common criminal profile?
men aged 18-24
58
what type of crimes do women commit?
crimes of necessity
59
what class is targetted most by police and other classes
the poor
60
three arguments for class crime
- poor commit most; so most arrests
- poor and rich do most; poor: necessity and rich: feel above law
- crime rate same throughout
61
what ethnic group most targetted?
indigenous and african canadians
62
men or women: most likely to be victim
men
63
m or w: most likely to be sexually assaulted
women (8x)
64
m or w: accused offenders
men (80-95%) (98% for SA)
65
m or w: robbery victim
men
66
m or w: more likely to report crime to police
men (38% v 26%)
67
m or w: report more difficulties after victimisation and why
women; different socialisation
68
what percent of women know their accusers?
80%
69
m or w: stranger crime
men (37% v 17%)
70
what fraction of women assaulted are by partner?
2/3
71
m or w: more likely to be found guilty - why?
men; (65% v 50%); judicial discretion and different motives
72
most common female inmate profile
young, indigenous, single, unemployed, little education
73
most reported crimes in vict surveys
- vehicle theft
- vandalism
- B n E
all for insurance
74
demonic perspective
- gives framework for heinous crime
- effective social control
- from biblical scripture
75
why were witches targetted?
growth of power of women and loss of power of Catholic Church
76
whats the witch book?
malleus maleficarum
77
pathological perspective
biogenic v psychogenic
78
cesare lombroso's book
the criminal man 1876
79
CL's traits of a crim
- bad teeth
- protruding chins
- facial assymetry
80
CL's contribution
- talks abt female crims
- creates crim predictability sciences
81
CL's categories of crims
- born crims (phys attributes)
- insane crims (psych)
- criminaloids (social conditions)
82
Earnest Hooton
- crim bc of bio inferiority
- huge study (12 yrs w thousands of ppl)
83
William Sheldon
- book: varieties of criminal youth
- somatology (body type predictor)
84
endomorph
round, soft, viserotonic (extrovert and easygoing)
85
mesomorph
Muscular, heavy chest
Personality: Somotonic
Active, dynamic, aggressive
86
ectomorphs
Frail and thin
Personality: Cerebrotonic
Introverted, lots of minor health problems, allergies
87
is IQ indicative of criminology?
no - example of broader social impacts
88
twin studiers
Mednick, Gabrielli, Hutchings 1984, 1987
89
traits of supermale
Normal in most ways
Rapid childhood growth
Taller than average
No muscular
Acne
Normal IQ but lower range
Learning and speech disabilities and delays
90
supermales and prison
Over-representated in prison
Increased risk for
Behavioural problems
Tempertantrums
Poor impulse control
Low emotional intelligence
Psychosis and heightened aggression
Treatment: behavioural, physical and speech therapy
Those in prison just didn't have the resources
91
is testosterone factor?
no, not overrep'd in prison
92
id
instinct, self-serving, and hedonistic – eros (life instinct) and thanatos (death instinct)
93
superego
moral conscience – internalised norms and values (socialisation)
Sense of right and wrong
100% socially constructed
94
ego
reality principle (can’t do anything, must follow social perimeters) – guilt
Ultimately works for the id – wants you to get what you want but within acceptable social boundaries
95
freud: why there is crime
The id is out of control
Overdeveloped superego is creation of neurosis (always perfect)
People snap and go on crime spree bc ego needs release
96
psychoanalytic theory
crim caused by unconscious conflict
97
sublimation
finding ways to do crazy things in acceptable ways
98
behavioural theory
crim caused by learned processes
99
cognitive theory
crim caused by info processing (bio aspect)
100
Behavioural Learning Theory
Environment (sensory stimuli) -> brain processing (brain processing) -> behaviour (response)
101
Alfred Bandura
social learning matters
102
AB's crim personality traits
Personality traits
Feelings of inadequacy
Emotional insecurity
Inability to express affection
Aggression
103
4 factors that produce violence
Event that heightens arousal
Aggressive skills are learned from observing others – it’s normative
Expectation of positive outcome
Consistency with behaviour of values
104
Newsome, Boisvert, et ____
pos environ affects behaviour
105
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
Late Preconventional
Early Conventional
Late Conventional
Early Postconventional
Late Postconventional
106
mass shooter profile
Loner
Aggressive – not necessarily criminal though
Disaffected
Alienated
‘Mental illness’ – there are patterns, but minor
Middle aged and ‘sliding’ – life feels less stable than before
107
psychopath profile
Friendly
High intelligence
No empathy
Thrill-seeking – low arousal levels
No long term goals/plans
Parasitic
Cruelty to animals
Inability to learn from experience
Chronic criminal offenders have some level of psychopathy
108
psychological check list of psychopaths
Superficial charm
Grandiose
Pathological liar
Manipulative
Lack of remorse
Emotionally shallow
Lack of empathy
Failure to accept responsibility for actions
Boredom
Parasitic
Poor behaviour control
Lack of long term goals
Impulsiveness
Irresponsibility
109
environ check list of psychopaths
Unstable parent
Parental rejection’
Lack of love
Inconsistent discipline
Sudden separation
Above average IQ
ADD
110
why is biogenic explan popular?
Simple, easy to accept, comforting
Fit with scientific rationality (our common sense)
Salve to social conscience (causes are out of our control)
Powerful – politically and economically useful
111
classical school principles
Cesare Beccaria
Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1764)
Law only punitive enough to deter crime
Everyone has right to not be subjected to cruel and unusual punishment
112
why was magna carta important?
habeas corpus
113
Beccaria's Classification of Crime
Those injurious to society
Those that threaten security or property of individuals
Those disruptive to public peace, order, or tranquillity
114
Beccaria's Principles of Crime
The administration of rational punishment to preserve social contract
Law is legislatively determined – guilt is judicially determined
Rational hedonism guides deviance – maximising pleasure and minimise pain
Social control is most effective as rationally calculated punishment
Object of social control (punishment) is deterrence
Focus of control and punishment must be on the act, not the actor
System must be rational so it must be on the crime
115
Administration of Justice and Execution of Punishment must be
Swift
Certain
Even-handed
116
principle of neoclassical school
judicial discretion
117
Jeremy Bentham
Utilitarianism
118
purpose of panopticon
resocialise and rehabilitate
skill development
119
most common homocide
Male victim
Male offender
Weapon: gun or knife
Motive: money, sex, argument
120
criminal homicide
murder when offender intends to cause death or bodily harm what will likely result in death on victim
121
1st degree
planned and deliberate or of agent of public order or with other crime
122
1st degree conviction conditions
life sentence (25 til parole)
123
faint hope clause
convicted but outstanding member of prison pop, can apply for parole early
124
2nd degree
other murder
125
2nd degree conviction
life sentence (10 til parole)
126
manslaughter
kill in heat of passion
127
manslaughter conviction
0 to life sentence
128
infanticide
mothers killing newborn in altered mental state after birth - hospitalisation and record discharge
129
reasonable standard of honest belief
did you behave in a normal manner like a normal person?
130
typical homicide weapon
knife or gun
131
functionalist explanation of crime
Setting boundaries and ru;e clarification
Group unification and solidarity building
Temporary phenomena
Aids in social adaptation and social change
Reduces tensions in society
Economy
132
manifest functions
recognised and intended purposes of soc phenom
133
latent functions
unrecognised and unintended purposes of soc phenom
134
anomie or strain theory
Social conditions change our sense of right and wrong and what we are willing to do
In times of social crisis, normal social rules don't apply – we institute new ones and follow those
135
emile durkheim
father of anomie
136
Robert Merton
Anomie arises as a result of the discrepancy between social goals and aspirations and the legitimate capacity of people to achieve those goals
137
what is disrepancy called
blocked opportunities
138
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin's 3 environments
Criminal: environment that foster criminal behaviour among youth
Conflict: disorganised environments where youth have neither legitimate nor illegitimate training possibilities
Retreatist: a progression of failures ar innovating and ritualising – given up bc it looks like society has given up on them
139
Albert Cohen
- cultural values
- school second biggest socialiser
- school neg environ -> crime
140
Walter Reckless
Trouble: getting into trouble gives you street cred – gain status -> positive reinforcement
Toughness: want to be the toughest, won’t take shit from anyone
Smartness: street smarts
Excitement: know subconsciously they’re not going anywhere, so they might as well have fun
Fate: fatalistic outlook on life
Autonomy
141
Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld
Institutional Anomie Theory
Social institutions have consistently failed to make the American Dream possible with honest means
142
Ronald Akers
Social Learning Theory
143
Robert Sampson and John Laub
Life -Course Theory
144
A.M. Guerry ; A.J. Quetelet
Social Ecology (Social Disorganisation Theory)
145
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay's Factors of Neighbourhood Character
econ/income level
cultural heterogeneity
mobility
146
Robert Park and Ernest Burgess
4 steps to community stability
Invasion – new immigration moving in
conflict – more people fighting for resources and differences
Accommodation – things start to calm down and people realise that they aren’t threats
Assimilation – oh. Okay. we’re here ig
147
Oscar Newman
Defensible Space
148
Crim Prev thru Environ Design
Public spaces
Design spaces to make people feel safe
Build decent housing so community can be created`
149
H. van Andel's Crim Prev Environ Design
protective eyes
sense of community
friendly aesthetic
escape routes
