Lecture 14: Accessory Organs

Question 1

What does the hepatopancreatic ampulla contain?

Answer 1

Pancreatic duct, common bile duct

Question 2

What are the 3 arteries that supply the pancreas?

Answer 2

1. gastroduodenal artery
2. sup mesenteric artery
3. splenic artery

Question 3

______ cells are exocrine cells that are sent to the duodenum via the __________ _____.

Answer 3

Acinar, hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 4

What are the three ENDOCRINE hormones excreted from the pancreas? What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine?

Answer 4

1. pancreatic islets (langerhans)
2. alpha cells (secrete glucagon)
3. beta cells (secrete insulin)

Question 5

What does insulin do? Glucagon?

Answer 5

Insulin
1. facilitates glucose entry into cells
2. stimulates glucose –> glycogen

Glucagon
1. gluconeogenesis
2. stimulates glycogen –> glucose

Question 6

Which three enzymatic secretions are released by the pancreas?

Answer 6

Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Proteases

Question 7

During _______ and ________ phases, the ________ nerve stimulates the release of _______ juice.

Answer 7

Cephalic, gastric, vagus, pancreatic

Question 8

Chyme entering the duodenum triggers what?

Answer 8

Enteroendocrine cells to release CCK and secretin.

Question 9

What does CCK release? Secretin?

Answer 9

CCK = enzymes
Secretin = bicarbonate-rich juice

Question 10

Which lobe is bigger on the liver? Which peritoneal fold exists on the liver? What is the significance of the umbilical cord/liver?

Answer 10

Right. Falciform ligament. The round ligament is found on the falciform ligament, is the remnant of the umbilical cord.

Question 11

Which lobe of liver is closer to the IVC? Closer to the gallbladder?

Answer 11

Caudate is closer to the IVC, quadrate is closer to the gallbladder.

Question 12

What is the porta hepatis and what does it contain?

Answer 12

The ‘door’ to the liver. Contains hepatic arteries or hepatic portal veins.

Question 13

Which two ducts make up the common bile duct? What is ‘added’ to the common bile duct?

Answer 13

Common hepatic (L/R) duct, cystic duct (from gallbladder). Pancreatic duct.

Question 14

What four functions are hepatocytes responsible for?

Answer 14

synthesis, storage, detox, metabolism

Question 15

What are Kupffer cells? What 4 functions do they have?

Answer 15

Resident liver macrophages. Process toxins, medications, RBCs/WBCs, pathogens

Question 16

What makes up the hepatic triad?

Answer 16

Hepatic duct, hepatic artery, hepatic vein

Question 17

How does the liver process amino acids?

Answer 17

Converts toxic ammonia (byproduct of AA breakdown to make ATP) to urea.

Question 18

What 4 substances make up bile? What 3 functions does it have?

Answer 18

Water, cholesterol, salts, bilirubin.
1. digestion of fats
2. cholesterol metabolism
3. excretion of lipid-soluble drugs

Question 19

What are the four lipoproteins that perform lipid processing?

Answer 19

1. Chylo
2. VLDL
3. LDL
4. HDL

Question 20

What are the four fat-soluble vitamins?

Answer 20

ADEK

Question 21

What are the three parts of the gallbladder? Which duct is closest attached to it?

Answer 21

Fundus, body, neck. Cystic duct.

Question 22

What is special about the layers of the gallbladder?

Answer 22

1. only one muscular layer, stretches in all directions
2. serosa contains all neurovasculature instead of submucosa

Question 23

________ impulses by the _______ N stimulate bile production by the ________.

Answer 23

Parasympathetic, vagus, liver

Question 24

Fat in chyme stimulates __________. Acidic components in chyme stimulate ___________. Both take place in the ____________.

Answer 24

CCK, secretin, duodenum.

Question 25

CCK causes contraction of the __________, secretin enhances the release of _________-rich bile from the ________.

Answer 25

Gallbladder, bicarbonate, liver