Lecture 14 - Brain Structure

Question 1

rostral (anterior)

Answer 1

towards the nose

Question 2

caudal (posterior)

Answer 2

towards the tail (or rear)

Question 3

dorsal (or superficial)

Answer 3

towards the back

Question 4

ventral (or inferior)

Answer 4

towards the belly

Question 5

medial

Answer 5

towards the midline

Question 6

lateral

Answer 6

toward the side

Question 7

What does the CNS comprise?

Answer 7

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
• Spinal cord

Question 8

What does the PNS comprise?

Answer 8

• somatic (voluntary)

- visceral (autonomic)

Question 9

What is the bone that the brain is encased in?

Answer 9

the skull/cranium

Question 10

What are the 3 layers of connective tissues?

Answer 10

• Dura mater
• Arachnoid
• Pia Mater

Question 11

What are ventricles?

Answer 11

Brain spaces filled with cerebral spinal fluid

Question 12

What is the dura mater?

Answer 12

• “hard mother”
• leathery membrane encasing brain and spinal cord
• on exterior, anchored to cranium and interior to the pia

Question 13

What is the pia mater?

Answer 13

• “soft mother”

- film of connective tissue supplied iwth capillaries that nourish the brain

Question 14

What is the arachnoid layer?

Answer 14

• “spidery”
• network between the dura and pia, richly vasculated
• attached to the dura on one side, pia on other
• acts like absorber

Question 15

What are the 3 divisions of the central nervous system?

Answer 15

• forebrain
• midbrain
• highbrain

Question 16

hemisphere

Answer 16

-half sphere

EX: in cerebral cortex there is right and left hemisphere

Question 17

cortex

Answer 17

-rind, cortical structures that are organized into layers
EX: cerebral cortex (neocortex, archicortex, paleocortex)
cerebellar cortex

Question 18

lobe

Answer 18

-chunk of cortex separated from next chunk by deep groove

Question 19

gyrus

Answer 19

ridge

Question 20

sulcus

Answer 20

groove, valley

Question 21

fissure

Answer 21

deep sulcus - sometimes interchangeably with sulcus

Question 22

what are the lobes of the brain?

Answer 22

FPOT
frontal 
parietal
occipital 
temporal

Question 23

What is the fissure in the back? What does it separate

Answer 23

calcarine sulcus (or fissure)
-separates parietal and occipital

Question 24

what is the middle sulcus? What does is separate?

Answer 24

central sulcus

-separates frontal and parietal

Question 25

what is the sulcus at the bottom?

Answer 25

``` lateral sulcus (or fissure) -separates frontal and temporal ```

Question 26

What is grey matter?

Answer 26

cell bodies (and dendrites)

Question 27

What is white matter?

Answer 27

myelinated axons (fibers)

Question 28

What is nuclei?

Answer 28

roughly circumscribed groups of cell bodies

Question 29

What are fascicles?

Answer 29

bundle of fibers

Question 30

What are peduncles?

Answer 30

thick bundles of fibers that connect big parts of the brain to other big parts of the brain

Question 31

What are the 3 cuts of the brain?

Answer 31

- coronal (THINK headband) - horizontal - sagittal

Question 32

What is phrenology?

Answer 32

Localization of mental faculties based on features of the skull (false idea)

Question 33

What did Phineas Gage show?

Answer 33

Certain part of the brain controls executive function

Question 34

Brain is not symmetrical in terms of function T/F?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

what is the motor homunculus?

Answer 35

map of the body laid out over a specific region of the brain

Question 36

Who was HM?

Answer 36

- epileptic due to TBI | - resection of hippocampi resulted in partial retrograde and anterograde amnesia

Question 37

What are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

Answer 37

1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral

Question 38

Cerebellum

Answer 38

motor functions

Question 39

pituitary gland

Answer 39

- secretes hormones | - regulated by hypothalamus

Question 40

hypothalamus

Answer 40

many nuclei involved in motivated behaviors and more

Question 41

thalamus

Answer 41

-many thalamic nuclei relay info about sense to cortex

Question 42

Basal ganglia

Answer 42

-group of nuclei involved with motor function

Question 43

What are the 4 parts of the basal ganglia?

Answer 43

1. caudate 2. putamen 3. globus pallidus 4. substantia nigra

Question 44

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Answer 44

1. midbrain 2. pons 3. medulla

Question 45

What kind of cells are spiny cells (excite or inhibit)?

Answer 45

excitatory | EX: pyramidal cell

Question 46

What kind of cells are smooth cells (excite or inhibit)?

Answer 46

inhibitory | EX basket cell

Question 47

Sensory input from thalamus enters into ______

Answer 47

layer 4 (for the most part)

Question 48

What is the Prosencephalon?

Answer 48

forebrain

Question 49

What are the two parts of the Prosencephalon?

Answer 49

1. telencephalon | 2. diencephalon

Question 50

What are 4 modern parts of the prosencephalon?

Answer 50

1. cerebral cortex (telencephalon) 2. basal ganglia (telencephalon) 3. thalamus (diencephalon) 4. hypothalamus (diencephalon)

Question 51

What is the Mesencephalon?

Answer 51

Midbrain

Question 52

What is a modern part of the mesencephalon/

Answer 52

Tectum

Question 53

What is the Rhombencephalon?

Answer 53

Hindbrain

Question 54

What are the 2 parts of the Rhombencephalon?

Answer 54

1. metencephalon | 2. myelencephalon

Question 55

What are 3 modern examples of the Rhombencephalon?

Answer 55

1. Cerebellum (metencephalon) 2. Pons (metencephalon) 3. Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon)

Question 56

What was the stereotaxic used for?

Answer 56

- used landmarks on skull (bony ridges + hollows) to serve as reference points - construct atlas of human brain (each region having unique coordinates)

Question 57

What is Broca's area?

Answer 57

area of brain that controls speech production

Question 58

What is Wernicke's area?

Answer 58

area that correlates with the comprehension of speech/language