Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 361 > lecture 14: Overview of Nervous System > Flashcards

lecture 14: Overview of Nervous System Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The more interneurons in a pathway…

A

the greater the ability to integrate and process information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nervous system contains what pathways

A

sensory pathways, integrating centers, and output pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The Central Nervous system is made up of what pathways/centers?

A

Integrating centers, made of interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Peripheral nervous system is made up of what pathways?

A

sensory pathways (sensory receptors) and output pathways (effector organs: ie. muscles and glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most nervous sytesm have three functional divisions

How are Cnidarians the exception?

A
  • 3 divisions: afferent sensory division, integrating centers, and efferent division
  • cnidarians have an interconnected web or nerve net, neurons do not specialize into divisions, and are functionally bipolar, able to radiate impulses out from stim.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two animal groups do not have bilateral symmetry or cephalization

A

cnidarians and echinoderms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evolutionary trend of nervous systems

A
  • cephalization, concentrating of sense organs at anterior end,
  • and groups of neurons into ganglia and brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ganglia:

A

groupings of neuronal cell bodies interconnected by synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nerves:

A

grouping of axons of afferent and efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Brain:

A

complex integrating center in anterior region made of clusters of ganglia and tras

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

nuclei

A

groupins of neuronal cell bodies within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tracts

A

groupings of axons within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of info integration from simple to complex

A

arc reflexes,
rhyhmic behaviour (pattern generator, breathing, locomotion),
voluntar behaviour (picking things up, fighting, reading),
learning and memory,
creativity,
consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reflexes can involve as few as

A

two neurous (monosynaptic) or more (polysynaptic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reflexes:

A
  • rapid, automatic, and involuntary responses
  • preserve homeostasis and integrity of body through rapid adjustments in function or organs
  • little variability, same response each time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reflexes: classification

A

by development: -innate (genetic) or acquired/learned
by processing sites: spinal or cranial
by response: somatic (skeletal muscles) or visceral/autonomic (smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands)
by complexity: monosynaptic (afferent directly to efferent; two neurons only) or polysynaptic (seperated by interneurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reflex arcs: Convergence

A

allows spatial summation

-multiple neurons to one effected site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reflex arcs: divergence

A

amplify signals and allow the nervous system to engage in parallel processing
-one reflex to multiple effected sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

reflex arcs: partial processing

A

both convergence and divergence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how can brain influence reflex arcs?

A

can amplify or inhibit them at interneural integrating sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CNS vs PNS: aggregation of cell bodies

A

CNS: nuclei
PNS: ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

CNS vs PNS: bundle of myelinated axons

A

CNS: tracts
PNS: nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CNS vs PNS: glial cells that produce myelin

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes-myelinate several axons at once
PNS: schwann cells-only able to myelinate one axon segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CNS is protected by

A
  • skull and vertebrae
  • meninges: layers of connective tissue
  • cerebral spinal fluid: fills space within meninges to act as shock absorber
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
CNS is isolated by
blood-brain barrier
26
Meninges
- layers of connective tissue around CNS - continual with spinal meninges - 3 layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater - fish have one, amph, reptiles, and birds have two
27
CSF
- formed by choroid plexus in roof of each ventricle, then secreted into the ventricles, then central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space around CNS, and into the venous circulation - secreted by ependymal cells, which also adjust its composition
28
Blood-brain barrier: isolates the CNS
formed by -network of tight junctions btw endothelial cells of CNS capillaries - thick basal membrane - end-foot processes of astrocytes
29
BBB permeability
- only lipid-soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids, alcohols, and prostaglandins diffuse freely into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord - water and ions must pass through channels (tightly controlled - larger water soluble compounds (glucose and amino acids) cross via facilitated diffusion or active transport
30
cells controlling BBB
astrocytes: release chemicals controlling permeability of endothelium pericytes regulate blood flow
31
3 locations in BBB of greater permeability
1. hypothalamus to secrete hormones into blood 2. pituitary gland: secrete hormones (ADH, oxytocin, etc) in blood 3. pineal glands: pineal secretinos into blood - thus all permeable sites allow hormone release into body
32
gray matter
neuronal cell bodies (interneurons)
33
white matter
bundles of axons and myelin sheaths
34
different of matter of brain and spinal cord
spinal cord white matter is on surface and gray matter on inside; its opposite for cerebral cortex
35
spinal cord regions
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral (caudal; not in humans)
36
spinal cord as an integrating center
- spinal reflexes are involuntary and rapid - brain receives sensory info as reflex occurs - cord sends info to brain and receives instruction from brain
37
the brain is ______, and filled with ____
hollow, filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
38
2 major regions of brain
hindbrain=rhombencephalon midbrain=mesencephalon forebrain=prosencephalon
39
hindbrain functions and parts
- supports vital functions like breathing, circulation, and movement - made of cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
40
cerebellum
site of sensorimotor integration: integrates sense info from eyes, ears, and muscles -2 functions: fine tuned motor coordination and maintaining posture/balance; does not INITIATE movement
41
pons
a relay station between higher and lower brains - contains tracts that comm btw the two - controls alertness and initiates sleep and dreaming, and helps regulate breathing
42
medulla oblongata
- regulates vital functions: breathing , heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, and blood pressure - controls reflexes and contains pathways between spinal cord and brain
43
Midbrain:
involved with coordinated behavior (largest in fish and amphibians) - processes and integrates sensory info - fine muscle control - alertness
44
Tegumentum
part of midbrain - helps with fine muscle control - relex response to sensory stimulation
45
Tectum
part of midbrain - superior colliculi (eye reflex) - inferior colliculi (processes auditory signals
46
Forebrain function and parts:
process and integrate sensory info, and coordinated behaviour -cerebrum, olfactory bulb, thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland
47
cerebrum
- integrates and interprets sensory info and initiates voluntary movements - in higher vertebrates it takes over many roles of midbrain
48
thalamus
integrates, filters, and relays info (except olfactory) to primary sensory cortex
49
epithalamus
contains the pineal gland and involved in circadian rhythms
50
hypothalamus
controls internal organs, homeostasis, and regulates endocrine system through the pituitary gland
51
cerebral cortex is folded to...
increase functional complexity, is correlated with intelligence
52
Cerebrum:
divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum, tracts of axons linking the two sides -outer layer is called the cerebral cortex
53
Cerebral cortex
- initiates voluntary movements - integrates and interprets sensory information - in humans, allows concentration, reason, speach, and abstract thinking
54
inner layer of cerebrum contains
tracks sending info to various parts of brain (corpus callosum) -basal nuclei involved in subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and the coordination of learned movement patterns
55
mammal cerebral cortex is arranged...
in layers, with shape and density of neurons differing among layers -gives the cortex high computational complexity
56
lobes of brain
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
57
two cortexes dividing the frontal and parietal lobes
primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
58
somatosensory and primary motor cortex
govern control of various body parts
59
limbic system
network of connected structures that lie between cortex and rest of brain - includes hypothalamus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, and hippocampus - influences emotions, motivation, and memory - limbic system therefore MAKES us want to do things
60
Peripheral nervous system: nerve structure
parallel bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons enclosed in several layers of connective tissue
61
mixed nerves
contain both afferent and efferent neurons
62
cranial nerves
exit directly from braincase
63
spinal nerves
emerge fro the spinal cord
64
PNS divisions
efferent and afferent (sensory) branch
65
PNS efferent divisions
autonomic division and somatic motor division
66
PNS autonomic divisions
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
67
somatic motor pathways
control skeletal muscles | "voluntary nervous system", except for reflexes
68
neurons of somatic motor pathway
- only one neuron from CNS to skeletal muscles, with its cell body in the CNS - all neurons of somatic motor division release Acetylcholine as chem messener - receptors for ACT are all the same in all skeletal muscles cells: nicotinic receptors
69
autonomic pathways
- control smooth/cardiac muscles, and glands - usually not conscious control - 'involuntary nervous system' - involved in homeostasis
70
sympathetic nervous system
- most active during periods of stress or physical activity | - fight or flight response
71
parasympathetic
- most active during periods of rest | - 'resting and digesting system'
72
enteric
independent of sym/parasym | -affects digestion by innervating the GI tract, pancreas, and gall bladder
73
sym/parasympathetic systems: dual innervation
- together maintain homeostasis - responses are opposite - some effectors receive only sympathetic innervations ie, adrenal medulla, most blood vessels
74
sympathetic and parasympathetic NOT like somatic
-pathways contain neurons in series -neurons synapse with each other in autonomic ganglia -one preganglionic neuron may synapse with many postganglionic neurons (divergence- amplification of signal) sym-10 or more neurons para-3 or more

Bio 361 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions