Lecture 14 :Terms Eutrophication and HAB's

Question 1

What is eutrophication?

Answer 1

an ecosystem disease caused by alterations in the nitrogen and phosphorous cycles that can impact both ecosystem and human health.

Question 2

What term means “low oxygen” when referring to aquatic and marine systems?

Answer 2

Hypoxia

Question 3

What is the general concentration of Dissolved Oxygen

Answer 3

Less than 2-3 milligrams of oxygen per liter.

Question 4

Sensitive organisms can be affected by this level of DO concentration in the water.

Answer 4

4.5 mg/l

Question 5

The term meaning the complete lack of oxygen

Answer 5

Anoxia

Question 6

What is the “dead zone”?

Answer 6

an area in the Gulf of Mexico with very low dissolved oxygen concentrations

Question 7

What causes the “dead zone”

Answer 7

It is caused by nutrient enrichment from agriculture into the Mississippi River

Question 8

What are Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB)?

Answer 8

It is the overgrowth of algae which may pose a public health hazard due to the highly toxic nature of the toxins produced.

Question 9

What are some effects of Harmful Algal Blooms?

Answer 9

All toxins cause general neurological impairment. All except PSP& PAS cause gastroenteritis. Only NSP and PAS are an inhalation hazard.

Question 10

What is the human illness caused by Reef Fish?

Answer 10

Ciguatera (Gamberdiscus toxicus)

Question 11

What toxin in what type of fish do we get Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?

Answer 11

Saxitoxin in Shellfish from Maine and Alaska

Question 12

What is the name of the toxin and type of fish we get Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)?

Answer 12

Brevetoxin in shellfish and an inhalation hazard

Question 12

What is the name of the toxin and type of fish we get Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP)?

Answer 12

Brevetoxin in shellfish and an inhalation hazard

Question 13

What type of toxin and in what type of fish do we get Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP ? Dinophysis sp.)

Answer 13

Okadaic Acid in Shellfish

Question 14

What is the toxin from Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) and in what fish do you get it?

Answer 14

Domoic Acid in shell

Question 14

What is Cyanobacteria ?

Answer 14

Major cause of HABs in fresh and brackish water

Question 14

What toxin is associated with metals and free radicals. Toxin may be aerosolized posing an inhalation hazard.

Answer 14

Pfiesteria Associated Syndrome

Question 14

What is the harmful Algal Bloom (HABs) and Hypoxia Research and Control Act ?

Answer 14

Federal Law regulating hypoxia and HABs and Hypoxia

Question 15

What toxins are found in Lake Wateree SC which are highly toxic to humans?

Answer 15

Lyngbya Toxins

Question 16

What is the term “upwellings”?

Answer 16

Natural source of increased N and Ph which occurs due to oceanographic and/or meteorological events on outer continental shelves in the oceans around the world

Question 17

What is a major cause of anthropogenic sources of N and Ph in NPS runoff?

Answer 17

Fetilizer

Question 18

What is a major cause of acute human illness but only 3 % of all HAB blooms?

Answer 18

Marine HAB toxins

Question 19

What is the major cause of HAB blooms and related toxins are a major cause of acute and chronic illness in humans and death in dogs ?

Answer 19

Fresh Water HAB’s

Question 20

What is the third most endangered river in SE U.S. highly polluted with nutrients?

Answer 20

Catawba-Wateree River Basin

Question 21

What is the percentage of lakes sampled nationally by EPA in their Lake Study which had Harmful Algal Blooms

Answer 21

33%

Question 22

What are the three freshwater HAB toxins involved in > 97% of all HAB events where toxins have been measured?

Answer 22

Microcystin, Anatoxin and Saxitoxins

Question 23

What is an inflammatory condition in the liver that leads to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma following exposure to Microcystin?

Answer 23

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Question 24

What is an inflammatory condition in the liver that leads to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma following exposure to Microcystin.

Answer 24

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)