Lecture 15-16: Toxicology Terms Flashcards
(48 cards)
What is the definition of toxicology?
The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. The Science of Poisons.
What is the first written record of toxicology?
Ebers Papyrus
What is Lex Cornalia ?
law passed in early Rome making it illegal to poison some one.
Who was one of the founders of toxicology that provided the dose response relationship?
Paraselsus
In the 1800s, he authored a number of significant works, among them Trait des poisons , who is this?
Martieu Orfila
field of toxicology that focuses on describing how a toxic substance affects health and well-being.
Descriptive toxicology
Mechanistic Toxicology
- field of toxicology that focuses on describing the physiological mechanism of action for a toxic substance
What is regulatory toxicology?
field of toxicology that focuses on international, federal and state regulations for a toxic substance.
What is forensic toxicology?
field of toxicology that focuses on describing how a toxic substance may be involved in the death or injury of an individual.
What is clinical toxicology?
field of toxicology that focuses on describing how a chemical substance may be potentially used as a drug to help mankind
What is enviromental toxicology?
examines how environmental exposures to chemical pollutants may present risks to biological organisms, particularly animals, birds, and fish as well as mammals including man.
What is harber’s law?
Effect= dose x time
What is LC50 and LD50?
Lethal Concentration (pollutant) or Lethal Dose (Drug) that kills 50% of the test animals in an acute toxicity test
What is EC50 and ED50?
Effective Concentration (pollutant) or Effective Dose (Drug) that may cause an adverse effect other than death in 50% of the test animals in an acute toxicity test
What is NOEC?
the concentration of a toxic substance at which no harm or mortality is observed in an acute toxicity test. Concentrations > NOEC are harmfuls.
What is LOEC?
the initial concentration of a toxic substance at which harm or mortality is observed in an acute toxicity test. This the “Threshold” for toxicity or harm
Define the term “ poisons”
any agent capable of producing a deleterious response in a biological system.
What are toxicants?
Toxic substances that are man-made or result from human (anthropogenic) activity (e.g. most toxic = Dioxin
What are toxins?
Toxic substances made by living organisms including reptiles, insects, plants and microorganisms (e.g. most toxic = Botulinum)
What are local effects?
damage at the site where a chemical first comes into contact with the body.
What are systemic effects?
generalized distribution of the chemical throughout the body by the bloodstream to internal organs.
What are target organ effects?
some chemicals may confine their effects to specific organs.
What are critical organs vs target organs?
Critical organs are the organ most affected) and Target Organ (organ with the highest level of a chemical contaminant)
Describe Additive Toxicity
two chemicals A and B, when added together are simply a sum of their individual effects (A + B = AB)
