Lecture

Question 1

Second messenger system of the body
Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood

Answer 1

Endocrine

Question 2

Hormones control several major processes

Answer 2

Reproduction
 Growth and development
 Mobilization of body defenses
 Maintenance of much of homeostasis
 Regulation of metabolism

Question 3

Hormones are produced by

Answer 3

specialized cells

Question 4

Cells secrete hormones into

Answer 4

extracellular fluids

Question 5

Amino acid-based hormones

Answer 5

Proteins  Peptides  Amines

Question 6

made from cholesterol

Answer 6

steroids

Question 7

made from highly
active lipids

Answer 7

Prostaglandins

Question 8

Effects Caused by Hormones

Answer 8

Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state
 Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
 Activation or inactivation of enzymes
 Stimulation of mitosis

Question 9

Diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
 Enter the nucleus
 Bind to a specific protein within the
nucleus
 Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
 Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

Answer 9

steroid action hormone

Question 10

Hormone binds to a membrane receptor
 Hormone does not enter the cell
 Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
 Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule
 Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

Answer 10

nonsteroid hormone action

Question 11

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained

Answer 11

negative feedback

Question 12

Size of a grape
 Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus
 Protected by the sphenoid bone
 Has two functional lobes

Answer 12

pituitary gland

Question 13

Anterior pituitary –

Posterior pituitary

Answer 13

1. Gandular tissue
2. Nervous tissue

Question 14

General metabolic hormone
 Major effects are directed to growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones
 Causes amino acids to be built into proteins
 Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

Answer 14

Growth Hormone

Question 15

Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth

Answer 15

Prolactin

Question 16

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex

Answer 16

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 17

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

Answer 17

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 18

Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

Answer 18

Gonadotropic hormones

Question 19

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries
Stimulates sperm development in testes

Answer 19

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 20

Triggers ovulation
 Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum
 Stimulates testosterone production in males

Answer 20

Luteinizing hormone

Question 21

Release of hormones is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by

Answer 21

hypothalamus

Question 22

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during
labor
 Causes milk ejection

Answer 22

Oxytocin

Question 23

Can inhibit urine production
 In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure

Answer 23

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 24

Found at the base of the throat
 Consists of two lobes joined by central
mass or isthmus

Answer 24

Thyroid Gland

Question 25

Thyroid glands produce two hormones:

Answer 25

Thyroid and Calcitonin

Question 26

Composed of two active iodine- containing hormones

Answer 26

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 27

secreted by thyroid follicles

Answer 27

Thyroxin

Question 28

conversion of T4 at target tissues

Answer 28

Triiodothyronine

Question 29

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone  Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

Answer 29

Calcitonin

Question 30

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid  Secrete parathyroid hormone  Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone and release it into the blood  Stimulate the kidneys and intestine

Answer 30

Parathyroid Glands

Question 31

Two glands of adrenal glands

Answer 31

Cortex and Medulla

Question 32

outer glandular region in three layers

Answer 32

Cortex

Question 33

inner neural tissue region

Answer 33

Medulla

Question 34

Produced in outer adrenal cortex  Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance  Target organ is the kidney  Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone  Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Be

Answer 34

Mineralocorticoids

Question 35

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex  Promote normal cell metabolism  Help resist long-term stressors  Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

Answer 35

Glucocorticoids

Question 36

Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex  Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

Answer 36

Sex hormones

Question 37

Produces two similar hormones in adrenal medulla. Deals with short term stress

Answer 37

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 38

allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

Answer 38

insulin

Question 39

allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

Answer 39

glucagon

Question 40

Found on the third ventricle of the brain  Secretes melatonin  Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

Answer 40

Pineal Gland

Question 41

Located posterior to the sternum in upper thorax  Largest in infants and children 2. Produces

Answer 41

Thymus 2. Thymosin

Question 42

Produced by Graafian follicles of the ovaries or the placenta  Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics  Matures female reproductive organs  Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg  Helps maintain pregnancy

Answer 42

Estrogens

Question 43

Produced by the corpus luteum  Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle  Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

Answer 43

Progesterone

Question 44

specialized lymphatic capillaries

Answer 44

Lacteals

Question 45

collections of lymphatic tissue)

Answer 45

Peyer’s patches

Question 46

saclike first part of the large intestine

Answer 46

Cecum

Question 47

Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed

Answer 47

appendix

Question 48

Ascending  Transverse  Descending  S-shaped sigmoidal

Answer 48

colon

Question 49

A clot in an unbroken blood vessel  Can be deadly in areas like the heart

Answer 49

Thrombus

Question 50

 A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream  Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

Answer 50

Embolus

Question 51

Platelet deficiency  Even normal movements can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting

Answer 51

Thrombocytopenia

Question 52

Hereditary bleeding disorder  Normal clotting factors are missing

Answer 52

Hemophilia

Question 53

Injured tissues release thromboplastin  PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade  Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin (an enzyme)

Answer 53

Coagulation

Question 54

Anchored platelets release serotonin  Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm  Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss

Answer 54

Vascular Spasm

Question 55

Collagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel  Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers  Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets  Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug

Answer 55

Platelet Plug Formation

Question 56

regulates osmotic pressure

Answer 56

Albumin

Question 57

help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

Answer 57

Clotting proteins

Question 58

help protect the body from antigens

Answer 58

Antibodies

Question 59

red blood cells

Answer 59

Erythrocytes

Question 60

white blood cells

Answer 60

Leukocytes

Question 61

cell fragments

Answer 61

Platelets

Question 62

The main function is to carry oxygen

Answer 62

Erythrocytes

Question 63

Iron-containing protein  Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen

Answer 63

Hemoglobin

Question 64

Crucial in the body’s defense against disease  These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles  Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)

Answer 64

Leukocytes

Question 65

Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained  Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Answer 65

Granulocytes

Question 66

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules  Include lymphocytes and monocytes

Answer 66

Agranulocytes

Question 67

Multilobed nucleus with fine granules  Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection

Answer 67

Neutrophils

Question 68

Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules  Found in repsonse to allergies and parasitic worms

Answer 68

Eosinophils

Question 69

Have histamine-containing granules  Initiate inflammation

Answer 69

Basophils

Question 70

Nucleus fills most of the cell  Play an important role in the immune response

Answer 70

Lymphocytes

Question 71

Largest of the white blood cells  Function as macrophages  Important in fighting chronic infection

Answer 71

Monocytes

Question 72

Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)  Needed for the clotting process

Answer 72

Platelets