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HUNT243 Exam > Lecture 15: Child Nutrition Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Child Nutrition Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What age are middle-aged children?

A

5-10 years

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2
Q

What age is pre-adolescence?

A

Girls = 9-11 years
Boys = 10-12 years

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3
Q

How many NZ’ers are 0-14 years?

A

19.3% (946,400)

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4
Q

How many NZ children are aged 0-4 years?

A

6.2% (305,030)

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5
Q

How many NZ children are aged 5-9 years?

A

6.7% (327,910)

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6
Q

How many NZ children are aged 10-14 years?

A

6.4% (315,510)

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7
Q

How many days does it take for a child to develop into an adult?

A

8,000

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8
Q

What are the three phases crucial to health during school age?

A
  • Middle Childhood Growth (5-9)
  • Adolescent Growth Spurt (10-14)
  • Adolescent Growth Phase (15-19)
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9
Q

What is happening during middle childhood growth (5-9 years)?

A
  • Infection and malnutrition constraint on development
  • Mortality higher than previously thought
  • Commonly micronutrient deficiencies
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10
Q

What is happening during the adolescent growth spurt (10-14 years)?

A
  • BMI increases rapidly
  • Substantial physiological and behavioural changes
  • Adequate energy intake is crucial for growth
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11
Q

What is happening during the adolescent growth phase (15-19 years)?

A
  • Further brain restructuring
  • Increase exploration, experimentation
  • Increased behaviours that are lifelong determinants of health
  • More focused on brain growth
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12
Q

What does a healthy diet facilitate?

A
  • Physical social/emotional and cognitive development
  • Nutrients and health
  • Steady growth
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13
Q

Physiological development is a time of…

A

Continued growth and development

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14
Q

What 3 things increase during physiological development?

A
  • Muscular strength
  • Motor co-ordination (more complex pattern movements)
  • Stamina
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15
Q

Nutrient needs: Middle childhood vs. Early childhood

A

Lower nutrient needs in relation to body size than during early childhood

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16
Q

Boys vs. Girls: Body composition during middle childhood

A

Boys have more lean body mass and height than girls

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17
Q

What happens to body fat in preparation for adolescent growth spurt?

A

Increases! Changes in body fat are normal

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18
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

Knowledge of what to do and ability to do it

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19
Q

When does self-efficacy development occur?

A

In the middle childhood period

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20
Q

Self-efficacy is changes from magical thinking to…

A

Concrete operations

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21
Q

What does concrete operations compared to magical thinking refer to?

A
  • Focusing on multiple things at once
  • More rational reasoning
  • Able to clarify, generalise
  • Decrease in egocentrism
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22
Q

What are key aspects of cognitive development that we see?

A
  • Develop a sense of self
  • More independent and learning family roles
  • Peer relationships become important
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23
Q

What does linear growth look like for boys and girls at age 8?

A

The rate of growth for boys begins to slow, but for girls it stays high

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24
Q

Girls vs. Boys Height at Age 11

A

Girls are typically 2cm taller than boys

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25
From age 11...
Growth rate for girls slows and for boys increases
26
Girls vs. Boys Height at Age 13
Boys are taller
27
When do girls reach their final adult height? (Plateau)
Around 16 years
28
When do boys reach their final adult height? (Plateau)
Around 18 years
29
How much taller on average are boys compared to girls?
13cm taller
30
Why is periodic monitoring of growth important during school age?
For early prevention/intervention of conditions that impact growth
31
What is the standard population monitoring of growth in childhood?
There is none - Just assessed when attending health checks (e.g. GP)
32
How is weight, height and BMI assessed during school age?
By using WHO growth reference curves
33
For what ages does WHO have reference data for weight-for-age?
5-10 years
34
For what ages does WHO have reference data for height-for-age?
5-19 years
35
For what ages does WHO have reference data for BMI-for-age?
5-19 years
36
Overall, what growth reference data does WHO have for children aged 5-19 years?
- Weight for age (5-10y) - Height for age (5-19y) - BMI for age (5-19y)
37
What are WHO BMI-for-age growth charts constructed using?
Historical data
38
What is the most commonly used growth chart in NZ?
BMI-for-age
39
Growth charts are not a...
Diagnostic tool
40
BMI differs by...
Age and gender
41
BMI is not direct measure of fatness but can be considered a....
Proxy - a good way to identify whether a child is heavier
42
What does BMI-for-age correlate with?
Clinical risk factors for CVD
43
Why can we not use the same cut-offs for children as adults?
Because adults do not grow and children do
44
What are the PROs of BMI assessment in childhood?
- Simple screening tool - Indirect measure of adiposity - Appropriate age- and sex-specific reference data - Tool for predicting later obesity
45
What are the CONSs of BMI assessment in childhood?
- Not a good measure of body fat for all individuals - Single BMI measure foes not show change in adiposity - Data does not include Maori or Pacifica children
46
What does percentile indicate?
The percentage of observations that fall below a certain value
47
What is z-score?
The distance and direction of an observation away from the population mean
48
Higher BMI trajectories in early childhood lead to...
Higher BMI in later childhood
49
When is the largest BMI increase?
2-4 years
50
Higher BMI trajectories lead to....
Higher BMI in adulthood
51
During adulthood, higher BMI is more concerning because?
You are at risk of more health problems
52
What is the prevalence of obesity in NZ children?
13.5%
53
Which subgroup of children (0-14 years) have the highest prevalence of obesity?
10-14 (15.2%)
54
What are complications of obesity in childhood?
- TD2 - CVD - Physical Disability - Influence on puberty (fertility) - Sleep apnoea - Orthopaedic pain
55
What are contributing factors for childhood obesity?
- Genes - Parental weight (particularly maternal BMI) - Birth Weight - Infancy weight gain - Environment (SES, physical etc.)
56
What are the 4 strongest risk factors for childhood obesity?
- Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI - Paternal BMI - Maternal smoking during pregnancy - Infancy weight gain (high BW, rapid weight gain)
57
There is a strong correlation between screen time and...
Obesity in children and adolescents - High screen use compared to less screen use = greater body fatness
58
What are the main mechanisms of screen time increasing weight?
- Increased eating while using screens - Reduced energy expenditure - Food advertising - Changed sleep routines
59
What is the association between satiety responsiveness/slowness in eating and food fussiness with body weight?
Negatively associated with body weight - Body weight is lower
60
What is the association between food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, emotional overeating and desire to drink with weight?
Positively associated with weight - Body weight is higher
61
Children who are obese tend to eat...
Faster than their non-obese counterparts
62
In a study of 5-17 year old children who are obese what were the 3 most prominent behaviours?
- Hyperphagia (increased appeitite) - Not satiated after food - Comfort eater
63
What are the 4 steps of clinical guidelines to manage weight in NZ children and young people?
1. Monitor 2. Assess 3. Manage 4. Maintain
64
How do you monitor weight?
Measure and monitor height and determine BMI - Brief intervention if over 91st centile, aim to act before it reaches 98th centile
65
How do we assess weight?
Collect full history and clinical exam and try to identify contributing factors so an appropriate intervention can be implemented
66
How do we manage weight?
Aim to slow weight gain so that children can 'grow into their height'. Involvement of whanau is key and focus on Food activity and Behaviour (FAB)
67
How do we maintain weight?
Long term follow up and monitoring of growth - contact and support
68
Health cannot be judged solely on...
Body shape or size
69
What is a healthy body?
One that is, whatever shape, size or weight, is in a state of wellbeing and has enough energy and strength to do the things that the person loves

HUNT243 Exam (18 decks)

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