Lecture 15- Tobacco/Vaping (Nicotine)

Question 1

History of Nicotine

Answer 1

• Comes from nicotania tabacum plant- indigenous to Americas
• Introduced to Spanish first who monopolized the world tobacco market
• English got in the business when nicotania tabacum was found in the Virginia colony (John Rolfe)
• Initially very expensive, became widespread by 17th century
• Signs of addictive properties evident in 17th century
• African natives traded land, livestock, and slaves for tobacco… resulted in extreme punishment by government

Question 2

Claims of tobacco medicinal properties

Answer 2

• appplied externally for pain/skin diseases/injuries
• diseases of the ears, eyes, mouth, and nose
• oral injection to reach other organs such as lungs, stomach, and teeth
• intestinal canal
• vagina via injection

Question 3

Isolation of nicotine

Answer 3

• first isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828
• German Chemists, WH Pooselt and LA Reimaann
• Named after French ambassador to Portugal (Nicot) who conducted careful experiments w tobacco as a medicinal herb
• Extremely toxic- similar to cyanide (60 mg can kill a human)
• Of considerable medical significance because of its toxicity and propensity for addiction

Question 4

What year was nicotine first isolated from leaves of tobacco?

Answer 4

1828

Question 5

Which chemists isolated nicotine?

Answer 5

• W.H. Pooselt and L.A. Reimann

Question 6

Who is nicotine named after?

Answer 6

A French ambassador to Portugal (Nicot) who conducted careful experiments with tobacco as a medicinal herb

Question 7

How toxic is tobacco?

Answer 7

• Extremely toxic-similar to cyanide
• 60 mg can kill a human

Question 8

Why is tobacco of considerable medical significance?

Answer 8

because of its toxicity and propensity for addiction

Question 9

Where does nicotine come from?

Answer 9

the nicotania tabacum plant

Question 10

When and why did signs of tobacco’s addictive properties become evident?

Answer 10

• In the 17th century
• African natives traded land, livestock, and slaves for tobacco which resulted in extreme punishment by the government

Question 11

Tobacco processing- curing

Air

Answer 11

• hung and allowed to dry for 4-8 weeks
• cigar and burley tobaccos
• Low sugar, light-sweet flavor, high nicotine

Question 12

Tobacco processing- curing

Fire

Answer 12

• hung and hardwood is burned in the vicinity for 3-10 days
• pipe, chewing tobacco, snuff
• low sugar, smoky, high nicotine

Question 13

Tobacco processing- curing

Flue

Answer 13

• strung onto tobacco sticks, hung in flue (exposure to low heat with no smoke) for one week
• high sugar, medium-high nicotine

Question 14

Tobacco processing- curing

Sun

Answer 14

• dries uncovered in the sun
• “oriental tobacco” (mediterranean countries)
• low sugar and nicotine

Question 15

Cigarettes: mass popularization

Mechanization of production

Answer 15

• 1883, James Bonsack invented the rolling machine

Question 16

Cigarettes: mass popularization

the safety match

Answer 16

• 1805
• Jean Chancel (French) invented self-igniting match

Question 17

What three things led to the mass popularization of cigarettes?

Answer 17

• invention of rolling machine and safety match (self-igniting match)
• Advertising/mass marketing

Question 18

How many cigarretes were smoked in 1963 in America?

Answer 18

enough for every adult to have more than half a pack a day

Question 19

Tobacco trend in the latter 20th century

Answer 19

• usage reduced in part due to surgeon’s general warning
• US Surgeon General Luther Terry addressed press conference at the release of the 1964 report on smoking and health

Question 20

1999 Cig Ads

Answer 20

• Major tobacco companies were sued for 50+ years of civil fraud and racketeering (aka offereing a dishonest service)

Question 21

2006 Cig Ads

Answer 21

• Companies were ordered to put stronger language and warning labels, and include details about effects of smoking on ads

Question 22

What 3 things make it so important to study smoking

Answer 22

• Social and clinical significance
• Ubiquitous- widespread
• Addictiveness- the most addictive

Question 23

Tobacco Addictive Liability percentages

Answer 23

• Ever Used: 75.6%
• Addiction: 24.1%
• Risk of Addiction: 31.9%
• Makes it top 3 (only below cocaine and heroin)

Question 24

What is the most common drug used by adolescents?

Answer 24

tobacco

Question 25

# Why does smoking start at such a young age? What 4 things contribute to smoking starting at such a young age?

Answer 25

* Biological * Biopsychological * Psychological * Social/environmental

Question 26

# Why does smoking start at such a young age? Biological

Answer 26

The adolescent brain is more sensitive to rewarding/reinforcing effects of nicotine

Question 27

# Why does smoking start at such a young age? Biopsychological

Answer 27

* personality characteristics (ex. hostility and aggrestion) leads to increased stimulation by nicotine * Having these personality characteristics gives one predisposition to continued use

Question 28

# Why does smoking start at such a young age? Psychological

Answer 28

* novelty seekers are more receptive to tobacco ads

Question 29

# Why does smoking start at such a young age? Social/environmental

Answer 29

* trying to fit in * parent/family acceptance of nicotine use

Question 30

what kind of molecule is nicotine

Answer 30

a small lipid and water soluble molecule

Question 31

# Routes of administration Inhalation

Answer 31

* lungs absorb * within 10 sec nicotine reaches the brain

Question 32

# Routes of administration Smokeless tobacco

Answer 32

* peak plasma level in about 15 minutes * Slowest method * usually buccal (sublingual)

Question 33

# Routes of administration Nicotine gum

Answer 33

peak plasma level in about 30 minutes, used for treatment

Question 34

# Routes of administration Transdermal

Answer 34

* skin patches * peak plasma level in about 5-12 hours * used for treatment

Question 35

# Routes of administration Nicotine inhaler

Answer 35

* nasal absorption within 1 minute

Question 36

ADMET- distribution

Answer 36

* quickly distributes throughout the body * reaches brain in 7-20 seconds when smoked * Amount absorbed depends on type of tobacco, smoked, filter * Receptors become saturated quickly- the short lived psychoactive effects lead smokers to repeatedly dose themselves * Detected in blood, saliva, and urine

Question 37

ADMET-ME

Answer 37

* Metabolized/Eliminated in around 2 hours * Liver-converted to cotanine * detectable for weeks

Question 38

MAOIs and tobacco

Answer 38

tobacco contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Question 39

What happens when you smoke? (nicotine content)

Answer 39

* Nicotine content of cigarettes: .5-2.0 mgs * Nicotine that gets into blood: .1-.4 mgs (about 20%) * Variation may be due to the smoker (# of puffs, length of each puff)