A substance that is released from one type of cell and exerts its' influence on another type of cell Releasable into the blood stream

Steroids and Hormones Flashcards by Alina Rhodes

What is a hormone?

A substance that is released from one type of cell and exerts its’ influence on another type of cell
Releasable into the blood stream

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What must a hormone do to be considered a hormone?

travel some distance to the target site (is a messenger)

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What hormone(s) does the hypothalamus release?

gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnFR) hormone

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What hormone(s) does the pituitary gland release?

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)

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What do the ovaries release?

estrogen and progesterone

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What does HPG (axis) stand for?

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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In which order do the phases of the menstrual cycle occr?

Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal, Menstruation

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How long is the menstrual cycle?

monthly cycle around 28 days

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What happens to hormones during the follicular phase?

estrogen levels peak

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What happens to hormones during the ovulation phase?

estrogen decreases

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What happens to hormones during the luteal phase?

high progesterone

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What happens to hormones during menstruation?

estrogen and progesterone low

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What does taking birth control (contraceptives) do to the menstrual cycle?

changes hormonal fluctuations

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What were oral contraceptives from the 60s like?

Excessive amounts of estrogen (100-150mg) and progestin

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What is progestin?

synthetic progesterone

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What happened in the 90s with oral contraceptives?

the optimal balance was acheived (30-35 mg)

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What is the optimal amount of estrogen in an oral contraceptive?

30-35 mg

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How do oral contraceptives work?

fixed combos of estrogen and progesterone
blocks release of FSH and LH
no ovulation

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What is in oral contraceptives to block the release of FSH?

estrogen

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What is in oral contraceptives to block the release of LH?

progesterone

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What is in multiphasic oral contraceptives?

constanct amount of estrogen with variable amounts of progesterone

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What is unique about multiphasic birth control?

reduces total hormone content

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What is one of the most commonly prescribed prescription pills?

birth control

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What percent of high school students report using birth control pills at most recent intercourse?

around 20% (slightly more women than men)

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What is contraception?

act of preventing pregnancy

# Other types of contraception Mini pills

* constant p amount * thickens cervix mucus

# Other types of contraception Seasonale

* estrogen and progesterone * taken consistently for 3 months followed by one week of inactive pills

# Other types of contraception Lybrel

* Estrogen and Progesterone * low dose combo pill * taken 365 days a year

What types of contraception are slow-release, long-lasting combo of synthetic hormones?

* injections * birth control patch * vaginal ring * Intrauterine device

What are depo-provera and lunell?

contraceptive injections

What are ortho evera and xulane?

birth control patch

What kind of contraceptive are injections, birth control patch, vaginal ring, and intraceptive device?

slow-release, long lasting combo of hormones (synthetic)

When is it Plan B taken?

immediatley after unprotected sex | over the counter!

What is in plan b, and what does that do?

* high dose progestin * prevents ovulation, fertilization, or implantation

Plan B will terminate an existing pregnancy T/F

* False * but could be harmful to fetus

What is Mifepritone (RU-486)?

morning after pill

What is Mifepristone (RU-486) (compound)?

progesteron antagonist

When is Mifepristone best used?

* best used before fertilized egg attaches to uterus * can also detach trophoblastic tissue up to 49 days after fetilization

Up to how many days can mifeprstone detach trophoblastic tissue?

49 days after fertilization

What is normally given with Mifepristone? Why?

* prostaglandin * helps with contractions

What are the side effects with taking low doses of contraceptives?

* Resemble those of early pregnancy * nausea * headaches/dizziness * breast discomfort * weight gain * depression and mood swings

What are the side effects of taking high dose contraceptives?

* cardiovascular risks * cancer risks * diabetes * adverse effects on fetus

What is the caveat with depression/mood swings as a side effect of low dose contraceptives?

mood swings associated with natural cycles can be improved by oral contraceptive use

What are steroids?

group of compounds related to the "male" sex hormone testosterone

What are the medical uses of steroids?

delayed puberty, burn, or wasting victims

Why are steroids misused?

they enhance athletic performance and increase muscle mass

What happened in the 1960s regarding steroids?

steroid use was rampant and semi-accepted in the sports world

What happened in the 1970s regarding steroids?

50-90% of football players were on steroids

What happened in the 1980s regarding steroids?

olympic testing for steroids

What happened in the 90s regarding steroids?

anabolic steroid act: made steroids a schedule 3 drug

What happened in the 2000s regarding steroids?

* BALCO (Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative), biggest doping scandal in sports history * likely in most sports, but MLB brought it to the public eye ## Footnote Also lance armstrong (cyclist) caught doping

How are steroids administered?

* oral, absorbed in intestine * intramuscular injection

How are steroids distibuted?

* rapidly distributed in the blood * stored in fat

How are steroids metabolized?

rapidly in the liver

# metabolism What are steroids most active metabolite?

androstenedione (precursor to testosterone) | also metabolize to estrogen

What excretes steroids? How long are they detectable for?

* kidney excretes steroids * detectable 4-14 days or up to 1 year

What parts of the body experience side effects from steroids?

* Liver * Cardiovascular system * reproductive systems

# Side effects What do steroids do to the liver?

tumors and hepatitis from shared needle use

What are the side effects of steroids on the cardiovascular system?

increased low density cholesterol... leads to high BP, heart attack, stroke

What are the side effects of steroids on the female reproductive system?

loss of period and breast reduction

What are the side effects of steroids on the male reproductive system?

testicular shrinkage, reduced sperm count, breast growth

What are steroids mechanism of action?

* Once in the blood it passes through cell walls and attaches to the steroid (androgen) receptor inside cells * Has genomic actions, alters the expressions of particular genes

How long does it take to experience the psychological effects of steroids?

delayed onset of action, days-weeks

How do steroids affect mood?

euphoria, irritability, aggression, depression (withdrawal from chronic use)

Other than mood changes, what are the psychological effects of steroids?

* sleep problems * loss of appetite * reduced sexual desire * some evidence of tolerance; psychological reinforcement may be culprit

How do hormones affect mood?

* can enhance mood * too little=depression * too much=anxiety/aggitation

How do hormones affect cognition?

hormones may enhance some cognition (working memory, spatial) and impair other forms of learning

What are hormones and steroids that have effects on the brain?

* neurohormones * neurosteroids

What can neurohormones/neurosteroids do?

* modulate/alter the function of various receptors as PAMs * includes: GABA, Glutamate, Acetylcholine, and serotonin

Steroids and Hormones Flashcards

(69 cards)