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Microbiology > Lecture 16 & 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 & 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Reservoir

A

the pathogen is viable (growth, reproduction, and transmission)
- animate and inanimate

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2
Q

Vector

A

the pathogen is transmitted (direct or indirect)
- animate

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3
Q

soil-borne diseases

A
  • fungal and bacterial pathogens
  • cannot be eliminated
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4
Q

What are 3 animal-transmitted diseases?

A

Psittacosis (bacterial), rabies and hantavirus (viral)

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5
Q

What pathogen is rabies?

A

Rhabdovirus
- negative sense, single stranded RNA
- small genome

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6
Q

What are the reservoirs of rabies?

A

domestic animals and wild animals

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7
Q

How is rabies transmitted?

A

infected animal bite

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8
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of rabies?

A
  • virus in animal saliva
  • infects human host via animal bites
  • proliferates in the brain
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of rabies?

A
  • excitation, anxiety, and pupil dilation
  • excessive salivation
  • hydrophobia
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10
Q

How is rabies diagnosed?

A
  • laboratory analyses (look for negri bodies– post mortem)
  • wild vs. domestic animals
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11
Q

How is rabies treated?

A
  • Passive immunization (anti-rabies virus antibodies)
  • Active immunization (rabies virus vaccine)
  • Passive + Active therapy nearly 100% effective
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12
Q

How is rabies prevented?

A

Through immunization of high risk individuals, domestic animals, and wild animals

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13
Q

What is the reservoir and transmission Hantavirus?

A

rodents (mice, rats, voles) and infected animal feces

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14
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of hantavirus?

A
  • inhalation of fecal dust from infected animals
  • proliferates in the human body
  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome and Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
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15
Q

what is the diagnosis of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A
  • symptoms: fever, muscle pain, thrombocytopenia (decrease in platelets), leukocytosis (increase in leukocytes)
  • lab tests: virus cultures (dangerous), ELISA, PCR
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16
Q

Is there any treatment or vaccines for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

No

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17
Q

Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF)

A
  • biosafety level 4 viral pathogens
    – Hantaviruses
    – Filoviruses (ebola)
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18
Q

What is the pathogen and reservoir for psittacosis?

A
  • Chlamydia psittaci
  • Birds (parrots and poultry)
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19
Q

How is psittacosis transmitted?

A
  • infected animal feces
  • infected saliva
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20
Q

What is the epidemiology and pathology of psittacosis?

A
  • rare but underestimated disease that has occasional outbreaks
  • inhalation of fecal dust from pets or poultry
  • lung infection (pneumonia) in severe cases
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21
Q

How is psittacosis diagnosed?

A

symptoms: fever, headache, dry cough (many others)
- all similar to other respiratory infections
Molecular PCR tests

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22
Q

How is psittacosis treated and prevented?

A
  • antibiotics (tretracycline)
  • no vaccine available
  • awareness: safe bird and cage care
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23
Q

What are the arthropod-transmitted diseases?

A
  • lyme disease and plague (bacterial)
  • west nile (viral)
  • malaria and trypanosomiasis (protist)
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24
Q

What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of lyme disease?

A
  • borrelia borgdorferi (bacteria)
  • mammals (rodents)
  • Ixodes scapularis (ticks)
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25
What is the epidemiology and pathology of Lyme disease?
- untreated, the disease reaches the CNS - no toxins or virulence factors known
26
What are the symptoms of Lyme disease?
- Acute stage: rash, head, backache, chills, and fatigue - Chronic stage: arthritis, and neurological + heart damage
27
How is Lyme disease diagnosed?
symptoms+ tick exposure + rash -ELISA, western blot, PCR assays
28
What is the treatment and prevention for Lyme disease?
- antibiotics (acute vs. chronic stage) - vaccine (human +animal) - reduce exposure to ticks and properly remove them
29
What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of the plague?
- Yersinia pestis (bacterium) - rodents - fleas
30
What is the epidemiology and pathology of the plague?
- lymph node swelling (buboes) - bloodstream (septicemia)
31
What are the four types of plague?
1. Sylvatic 2. Bubonic 3. Pneumonic 4. Septicemic
32
Sylvatic plague
- in flea vector on rats
33
Bubonic plague
- in flea vector on humans - transmitted
34
Pneumonic plague
- direct inhalation - acute infection in lungs leads to transmission to other people
35
Septicemic plague
- no buboes - no characteristics signs - die very quickly
36
What is the treatment for the plague? *different based on type
- bubonic: antibiotics (early stage) reduce mortality to 1-5% - pneumonic: rapid disease progression, mortality 90% - septicemic: death occurs before diagnosis
37
How is the plague prevented?
- control animal reservoirs, vectors and human contact - plague infected animals must be destroyed
38
What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of malaria?
- plasmodium spp. (protist) - humans + mosquitoes - Anopheles spp. (mosquitoes)
39
What is the plasmodium life cycle?
- Fertilization occurs in mosquito host - Sporozoites transferred from mosquito to human host - Merozoite form in liver - Gametocytes form in blood and then transferred to mosquitos
40
What are the symptoms and diagnosis of malaria?
- chills + fever, headaches, anemia, and enlarged spleen - D: infected RBCs and PCR tests can determine species
41
What is the treatment for malaria?
- Chloroquine (kills merozoites and inside RBCs) - Primaquine (kills merozoites, sporozoites + gametes and outside blood cells)
42
What are the ways to prevent malaria?
- high risk areas, ppl get doses of chloroquine - disrupt pathogen life cycle - no effective vaccine at present
43
What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of trypanosomiasis?
- Trypanosoma (protist) - Humans and mammals - Tsetse fly (sleeping sickness), triatomines (Chagas)
44
What is the epidemiology and pathology of trypanosomiasis?
Chagas - acute + chronic - in central and South America Sleeping sickness - stage 1 +2 - Sub-Saharan Africa
45
What is the acute v chronic symptoms of chagas?
- acute: swelling at site of inoculation and infection often mild or asymptomatic * weeks to months following infection - chronic: 70-80% lifelong infection (no symptoms and 20-30% life threatening heart/circulation problems *months to years following infection
46
What is the stage 1 + 2 symptoms of sleeping sickness?
- stage 1: protists multiple in tissue & blood and fever, headache, joint pains - stage 2: protists cross blood-brain barrier & behavior changes, confusion, poor coordination, sleep cycle disruption
47
How is trypanosomiasis diagnosed and treated?
- Lab analyses (microscopy) - Antibiotics
48
What prevention methods for trypanosomiasis?
- no vaccines - educate people - avoid arthropod vectors
49
What is the pathogen, reservoir, and vector of West Nile Virus?
- West Nile Virus (flavivirus) - Birds - Mosquitos
50
What is the epidemiology and pathology of West Nile Virus?
- Invades nervous system - Viremia - High bird mortality - Survivors immune - Virus replicates in vector
51
What are the symptoms and diagnosis of West Nile Virus?
- West Nile fever (20%): headache, nausea, muscle pain - Neurological diseases (1%) - 80% asymptomatic - ELISA test for antibodies
52
What is the treatment and prevention for WNV?
- No anti-viral drugs - No effective human vaccine (there is veterinary vaccine) - supportive care - limit exposure to mosquitos and destroy habitat
53
What is the epidemiology and pathology of fungal diseases?
- allergic reactions (hypersensitivity to fungal exposure) - mycotoxins (exotoxins produced by fungi) - mycoses (fungal growth on or in the human body)
54
What does ergotism or claviceps purpurea cause?
- produces the mycotoxin ergotamine - causes hallucinations and vasoconstriction - historical significance
55
Mycoses have effects superficially, subcutaneously, and systemically. What are those effects?
- Superficial: infection on surface layers and spread by contact - Subcutaneous: infect deeper skin layers and spread by wound infection - Systemic: infection of internal organs and primary vs. secondary infections
56
What are the treatment and prevention for mycoses?
- antifungal compounds (topical+oral) - side effects common - reduce exposure
57
What is the pathogen, reservoir, and transmission for tetanus?
- Clostridium tetani - soil - contaminated wounds
58
What is the epidemiology and pathology of tetanus?
- germination of endospores - production of exotoxin, tetanus toxin
59
What is the diagnosis for tetanus?
- exposure risk - clinical symptoms - toxin identification (rare)
60
What is the treatment for tetanus?
- antitoxin: neutralize toxin - antibiotics: prevent addition toxin production - symptoms irreversible once present
61
What is the prevention for tetanus?
- vaccine - "boost" shots - high-risk age group (25-59 yr olds)
62
What is the pathogen, soil, transmission for anthrax?
- bacillus anthracis - soil - wounds or skin lesions
63
What is the epidemiology and pathology for anthrax?
- germination of endospores - virulence factors: toxins + protein capsule
64
What is the diagnosis for anthrax?
- painless, black lesion (cutaneous) - blood diarrhea, pain (intestinal) - toxemia, septic shock (inhalation)
65
What is the treatment + prevention for antrhax?
- antibiotics - livestock + human vaccine

Microbiology (19 decks)

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