Lecture 3

Question 1

Significance of Smallness

Answer 1

greater surface to volume ratio
greater growth rates
faster evolution

Question 2

coccus

Answer 2

sphere

Question 3

bacillus

Answer 3

cylindrical

Question 4

spirillum

Answer 4

spiral

Question 5

spirochete

Answer 5

cork-screw

Question 6

filamentous

Answer 6

clusters

Question 7

last main shape for cell morphology

Answer 7

appendaged

Question 8

diplo cluster types

Answer 8

pairs (2 cells)

Question 9

strepto cluster types

Answer 9

chains (3+)

Question 10

staphylo cluster types

Answer 10

group

Question 11

structure and function of cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 11

phospholipid bilayer
separate cytoplasm (inside) from environment (outside) and selective permeability

Question 12

membrane proteins are like

Answer 12

buoys! they float around

Question 13

membraned proteins are…

Answer 13

anchored in cytoplasmic membrane
hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

Question 14

types of membrane proteins

Answer 14

integral (whole way through) and peripheral (inside or outside of cell)

Question 15

archaea vs. bacteria linkage of glycerol head and fatty acids tail

Answer 15

bacteria- ester linkage
archaea- ether linkage

Question 16

archaea vs. bacteria fatty acid composition

Answer 16

archaea–isoprene

Question 17

what kind of membranes are only in archaea? what is advantage?

Answer 17

monolayer membranes
increase strength (found in extreme environments)

Question 18

archaea vs. bacteria similarities

Answer 18

functionality of the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 19

what are the functions of cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 19

permeability barrier (selective)– nutrient and waste exchange
protein anchor– hold transport proteins and move substances across membranes
energy conservation– proton motive force

Question 20

simple transport proteins

Answer 20

drive by the energy in the proton motive force
ex. lac permease (in e. coli)

Question 21

group translocation

Answer 21

chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate
ex. phosphotransferase system

Question 22

periplasmic (ABC)

Answer 22

periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

Question 23

what is the importance of transport proteins?

Answer 23

enhances the uptake of necessary substances (much faster than simple diffusion)

Question 24

what are the 3 transport events?

Answer 24

uniport (1), antiport (2; 1 in and 1 out), and symport (2 in or out)

Question 25

Lac permease (e. coli)

Answer 25

transports lactose into cells symporter energy driven (against the gradient)--more lactose in the cell takes energy to get in uses proton motive force passive; least efficient

Question 26

phosphotransferase system

Answer 26

transports sugars into cells, requires 5 proteins energy-driven using phosphoenolpyruvate (PE-P) medium efficiency with the cascade still passive

Question 27

periplasmic (ABC system)

Answer 27

"ABC" = ATP-Binding Cassette System occurs in the periplasm (between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes) requires multiple proteins (periplasmic binding proteins, membrane transporter, and ATP-hydrolyzing proteins) active most efficient

Question 28

Translocases

Answer 28

export and insert proteins into the membrane ex. SEC system (secretion) functions: exoenzymes, periplasmic enzymes, and toxins

Question 29

Teichoic acids

Answer 29

embedded in cell wall and negative electrical charge of the cell surface transport cations (Mg2+, Ca2+)

Question 30

Gram negative bacteria has an ____

Answer 30

the outer membrane which is a second lipid bilayer (lipopolysaccharide--LPS)

Question 31

lipoproteins

Answer 31

anchor the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer

Question 32

periplasm

Answer 32

between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes contains different classes of proteins

Question 33

hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 33

trapped into the periplasm by outermembrane initial breakdown of food molecules (so then they can be brought into cell)

Question 34

Binding proteins

Answer 34

ABC systems example begin translocation process

Question 35

chemoreceptors

Answer 35

detect chemical gradients (chemotaxis)

Question 36

porins

Answer 36

Technically transport protein but considered to be different because of the location channels for small molecule transport specificity by size (upregulated by genetics to change size and amount)

Question 37

Capsules and slime layers

Answer 37

sticky material on the cell surface polysaccharides or proteins Functions: attachment to surfaces, avoid phagocytosis, and dessication

Question 38

Pili

Answer 38

hollow protein filaments Functions: attachment ot surfaces, exchanging genes (conjugation), and colonization factors (colonizing on human body)

Question 39

Types of cell inclusions

Answer 39

carbon storage polymers; polyphosphate, sulfur, and carbonate minerals; and magentosomes

Question 40

Carbon storage polymers

Answer 40

storage of carbon and energy ex. PHB and glycogen

Question 41

Polyphosphate, sulfur, and carbonate minerals

Answer 41

storage of inorganic compounds

Question 42

Magnetosomes

Answer 42

mangetic sotrage inclusions

Question 43

gas vesicles

Answer 43

structure: protein, spindle-shaped (in bacter and archaea only) function: buoyancy and flotation (important for planktonic microorganism)

Question 44

Endospores

Answer 44

highly resistnat bacterial "seeds" used for bacterial dispersion across unfavorable habits vegetative cell = active cell spore= inactive cell

Question 45

how are endospores so resistant?

Answer 45

Physical protection: exosporium (protein), spore coat (protein), and cortex (peptidoglycan) chemical protection: dipicolinic acid and small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs)

Question 46

Dipicolinic acid

Answer 46

dehydrates the cell stabilizes DNA against heat

Question 47

SASPs

Answer 47

energy source during germination stabilizes DNA againdt UV radiation

Question 48

Flagella

Answer 48

types: polar (one 1 side) and peritrichous (around the cell) Structure: flagellin (protein) and uses proton motive force

Question 49

Gliding motility

Answer 49

movement without a flagella is slowers and must be in contact with a solid surface types: slime extrusion, twitching (w/ pili), and cell surface proteins

Question 50

reasons for motility

Answer 50

chemotaxis (chemical gradients) and phototaxis (light gradients)