Lecture 16 & 17: Stem Cells and Cloning

Question 1

What are the 3 characteristics of a stem cell?

Answer 1

1) Self-renewing
2) Unspecialized
3) Can give rise to specialized cells

Question 2

How is a stem cell “self-renewing?”

Answer 2

Capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods

Question 3

How is a stem cell “Unspecialized?

Answer 3

Do not have any tissue-specific structures that allow them to perform specialized functions

Question 4

How is a stem cell give rise to specialized cells?

Answer 4

Differentiation causes cell’s DNA to acquire changes that restrict DNA expression in cell and can be passed on through cell division

Question 5

Totipotent Stem Cells

can develop into ___ cell in body; including ____ membranes

Answer 5

Any;

Embryonic

Question 6

What is a Blastomere?

Answer 6

A single cell from a 2-8 day cell or a 1-3 day embryo

Question 7

Totipotent Stem Cells

are sufficient to form _____ organism capable of ____, including ____-_____ membranes

Answer 7

Enitre;
Reproduction;
Extra-Embryonic

Question 8

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Can develop into ____ from all 3 germ layers and germ cells

Answer 8

derivatives

Question 9

What are the 3 germ layers?

what are the 2 germ cells?

Answer 9

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Eggs and Sperm

Question 10

Multipotent/ Precursor/ Progenitor Stem Cells

Can become specialized cell but generally only in ___ or ____ in which it resides

Answer 10

Tissue

Organ

Question 11

How do you make embryonic (pluripotent) stem cells?

Answer 11

1) Create Embryo
2) Remove inner cell mass from blastocyst (Day 5)
3) Culture cells

Question 12

Traditional methods of making embryonic stem cells involves:

Answer 12

creating stem cells from inner cell mass of embryos

Question 13

Removing ICM destroys the embryo,

T/F

Answer 13

True

Question 14

When culturing Embryonic Stem Cells, they are coated with____ ____

Answer 14

Feeder Cells

Question 15

What are the 4 tests to identify embryonic stem cells?

Answer 15

1) grow and sub-culture cells for many months
2) Look for surface markers or proteins found only in undifferentiated cells
3) Examine chromosomes under microscope
4) Determine if cells can be grown and sub-cultured after freezing, thawing and re-plating

Question 16

What is the fifth step of testing embryonic stem cells?

Answer 16

Test for pluripotency

Question 17

What 4 things happen during testing for pluripotency?

Answer 17

1) Allows for spontaneous differentiation
2) Stimulate directed differentiation
3) Inject cells into immuno-suppressed mouse to test for formation to benign tumor (teratoma)
4) Tetraploid-embryo complementation

Question 18

What happens during Spontaneous Differentiation?
(3)
(Emborid Bodies)

Answer 18

Allows cells to clump together to form 3-D structures

• Method to determine if embryonic stem cells culture is healthy
• Not efficient way to produce cultures of specific cell type

Question 19

What happens during Directed Differentiation?

Answer 19

Used to generate large number of specific cell types

• alter surface of culture dish
• Change chemical composition of culture medium
• Modify cells by inserting specific genes

Question 20

What happens during Teratoma Formation?

Answer 20

test differentiation capacity of stem cells by injecting them into immuno-suppressed mouse and inducing formation of teratoma

Question 21

What are some of the challenges of Regenerative Medicine?

Answer 21

• Proliferate extensively and generate sufficient qualities of tissues
• Differentiate into desired cell types
• Be free of animal products
• Survive in recipient after transplant
• Integrate into surrounding tissue after transplant
• Function appropriately for duration of recipient’s life
• Avoid harming recipient in anyway

Question 22

Transplanted stem cells may not cause immune rejection by recipient.
T/F

Answer 22

False, it can cause

Question 23

This technology used to generate an individual who has the same DNA as another currently or previously existing individual is called?

Answer 23

Reproductive Cloning

Question 24

Generation of human embryos for use in research to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and treat disease is called?

Answer 24

Therapeutic Cloning

Question 25

Only clones ___ ____ is the same as that of a ____ donor

Answer 25

Nuclear DNA;

Somatic

Question 26

_____ contain their own short segments of DNA

Answer 26

Mitochondria

Question 27

Some of the clone’s genetic material come from ____ in cytoplasm of _____ eggs

Answer 27

Mitochondria

enucleated

Question 28

Mitochondrial DNA contain ____ protein-coding genes

Nuclear DNA contain _____ protein-coding genes from each patient

Answer 28

13

23,000

Question 29

Mitochondrial Replacement require genetic contribution from 3 parents, which are?

Answer 29

1) the intended mother with the mitochondrial disease
2) Intended father with the sperm
3) a female egg donor with normal mitochondrial

Question 30

What is Gene Therapy?

Answer 30

Genes that are used to treat or prevent disease

Question 31

What is Cell Therapy?

Answer 31

Cellular material is injected into diseased patient

Question 32

What cells are targeted for gene therapy?

what do they do?

Answer 32

Adult Stem cells: treat only diseases in affected individuals
Embryonic Stem cells: Whole genome or germ-line modification will be passed down to offspring