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Microbio > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunity

A

Acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent

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2
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Also known as antibody-mediated immunity, antibodies in all fluids, involves B lymphocytes both plasma and memory cells, effective against extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Involves T lymphocytes both T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells as well as memory cells, uses contact-dependent signaling, defends against intracellular pathogens

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4
Q

Allergens

A

Antigen typically not harmful to the body but can produce an inappropriate immune response to sensitive people

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5
Q

Antibody (Ab)

A

Protein molecules produced by B cells that recognize specific antigens and help destroy them
Also called immunoglobulins

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6
Q

Antigenic determinant or epitope

A

Precise portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody

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7
Q

Opsonins

A

Proteins that coat pathogens so that phagocytes recognize and ingest them

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8
Q

Phagocytes WBCs

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils

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9
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that can trigger an immune response

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10
Q

Antigens

A

Stimulate a response to B and T cells, larger more complex structures make better antigens and are easier for antibodies to recognize and bond, smaller repetitive structures are poor antigens may not stimulate an immune response

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11
Q

Antibody structure

A

Made by plasma B cells in response to an antigen, made of 4 polypeptide chains 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains, chains bound together by disulfide bonds, constant regions on both chains determine the specific class of antibody

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12
Q

Antibodies of the same class

A

Have identical constant regions

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13
Q

Variable regions

A

Antibody tips are composed of highly variable amino acid sequences, provides specificity to bind to antigen

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14
Q

Antibody tips

A

Create 2 antigen binding sites

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15
Q

Antigen arms

A

Antigen binding fragments (Fabs)

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16
Q

Rest of antibody

A

Crystallizable fragment (Fc)

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17
Q

Complement binding site

A

On antibodies that do classical pathway of activating complement proteins

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18
Q

IgG

A

Crosses placenta and fixes complement, most abundant antibody 80% , if high in these but low in IgM towards end of infection, long term memory immunity

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19
Q

IgA

A

Found in body fluid secretions near portals of entry with mucus, secretory antibody

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20
Q

IgM

A

First antibody ever made when you first come into contact with antigen, don’t last long, high IgM newly infected, can serve as B cell receptor, fixes complement

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21
Q

IgD

A

Known as B cell receptor on B en surface

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22
Q

IgE

A

Antibody of allergy and worm infections

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23
Q

Antibody functions

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A

Neutralization- by surrounding and blocking receptors from binding cells on pathogens and toxins
Complement fixation
Agglutination- cross link bacteria making it difficult for them to move and infect so macrophage can bind Fc and eat
Opsonizes bacteria to surrounds to make more enticing for macrophages

24
Q

B cell receptor

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A

IgD antibody attached to the B cell surface, the receptor on each cell is specific to a particular antigen

25
Colonal selection
Lymph fluid passes over B cells in lymph nodes and lymph tissues as they look for antigens, when an antigen is found the B cell with the matching B cell receptor binds the antigen and becomes activated
26
B cell differentiation
Once activated the B cell differentiates into memory and plasma cells
27
Colonal expansion
After differentiating the been undergoes many divisions giving rise to plasma and memory cells
28
Plasma cells
Secrete lots of antibodies IgM with the same specificity as the original B cell receptor IgD becomes IgM
29
Memory cells
Produce IgG, these cells remain for long periods in lymph nodes to react with the same antigen at a later time
30
Order of antibody response
Colonel selection and differentiation, IgM first, IgG to create memory Second exposure: quickly makes lots of IgG and some IgM
31
Making the B cell receptor
Exons from immunoglobulin genes are randomly selected during the development of each B cell, each one is unique in its antigen specificity
32
Colonal deletion
Eliminate clones with receptor that have a specificity for self molecules
33
MHC also called
HLA human leukocyte antigen
34
Class I MHC
Cytotoxic T cells bind to MHC I via their T cell receptor and CD8 molecules, present intracellular antigens and cellular molecules, all cells except RBCs
35
Class II MHC
Made and presented by professional antigen presenting cells, presents bits of digested foreign antigens, T helper cells bind MHC II via their T cell receptor and CD4 molecule
36
T helper I cells
Stimulate macrophages, activate nearby cytotoxic T cells and other T helper cells
37
T helper II cell
Stimulate B cells and suppress T helper I cells
38
CD4+ T memory cells
Helper cells create memory
39
T cell receptor components
Bind specifically to both a particular antigen and the self-MHC presenting antigen
40
Clusters of differentiation CD
Additional receptors on T lymphocytes use to identify cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells
41
Cytotoxic T cells
CD8+ cans that interact with MHC I receptors they destroy foreign or abnormal cells and give rise to CD8+ T memory cells
42
Negative selection
T cells with useless or dangerous TCRs are destroyed
43
Positive selection
T cells with good TCRs are propagated and sent on to the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue all over the body
44
Antigen presenting cells
Dendritic, macrophages and B cells Present foreign antigens on MHC II to the correct T helper cells
45
T-helper cell 1 activation
Binding of MHC II of macrophage or dendritic cell to TCR and CD4 is the first step of T helper cell activation Macrophage or dendritic cell release Interleukin I: signals T helper cell to become type 1 T helper 1 releases IL-2 the most powerful human immune system stimulator which activates cytotoxic T cells, turns monocytes into macrophages, activates more t-helper cells which release more IL-2
46
T helper cell 2 activation
MHC II of B cell with foreign antigen binds TCR and CD4, B cell releases IL-4 IL-4 signals T helper cell to become t helper cell 2 Th2 cue releases IL-4 and B cell growth factor causing colonal expansion of B cell Differentiates and expands to many memory and plasma cells Memory cells go onto create IgM Plasma cells make IgG
47
Cytokines
Chemical messenger molecules that communicate between immune cells Includes IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, interferons, chemokines
48
Interferon
Cytokine released by virally-infected cells that stimulates production of anti-viral proteins
49
Chemokines
Cytokine released by mast cells that attracts leukocytes to an infection
50
Cytotoxic T cell activation
TCR on cytotoxic T cell and CD8 bind to a particular antigen on MHC - I Stimulated by IL-2 from TH1 cells Activated cytotoxic T cells release perforins and granzymes which enter and degrade infected host cell proteins
51
Graft rejection
Cytotoxic T cell mediated immunity is most important factor,Tc cells recognize abnormal MHC I and mark cells for destruction
52
T helpers specific to
Interact only with MHC II so specifically activated by APCs only Conductors of the entire immune system
53
T c cells specific to
Interact with MHC I they can be activated by any cell of the body so they can target and destroy cells with viral infection and cancerous cells
54
B cells
Extracellular antigens/free floating/humoral
55
T cells
Cell-mediated/ intracellular pathogens on surface of infected cell or APC

Microbio (14 decks)

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