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Microbio > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Allergy/hypersensitivity

A

An exaggerated misdirected immune response that damages self tissue

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2
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Abnormal responses to self-antigen

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3
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed

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4
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

All have similar mechanism, fast /acute onset
IgE and mast cells
Localized or systemic

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5
Q

Type I hypersensitivity mechanism

A

Allergens enterand and are picked up by dendritic cell, dendritic presents to T helper cell on MHC II in lymph node, T helper activates B cell, B cell divides and produces plasma cells that make IgE specific to the allergen, Fc fragments on IgEs bind mast cells creating primed mast cells
When allergen encountered again it binds directly to primed mast cells causing degranulation leading to watery eyes, runny nose, etc

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6
Q

Sensitizing dose

A

Upon first exposure to the allergen IgE for the allergen is made and binds mast cells

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7
Q

Provocative dose

A

Subsequent exposure to the allergen where sensitized mast cells release chemical mediators that trigger allergy symptoms

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8
Q

Chemical mediators from mast cells

A

Histamine constricts bronchioles leading to wheezing, coughing, trouble breathing
Histamine binds smooth muscle of vessels and causes them to relax leading to vasodilation
Leukotriene asthma bronchiole constriction

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9
Q

Atopic allergy

A

Type I, local, chronic includes asthma and hay fever

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10
Q

Hay fever

A

Marked by seasonal acute inflammation of eyes (conjunctiva) and mucous membranes of the respiratory passage
Sneezing coughing

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11
Q

Asthma

A

Respiratory disease marked by extreme sensitivity to allergens

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12
Q

Eczema

A

An acute or chronic allergy of the skin causing itching and burning sensation

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13
Q

Food or drug allergies

A

Considered localized or atopic

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14
Q

Allergies are classified by

A

How they enter the body
Inhalants, ingestants, contactants, injectants

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15
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis

A

Most severe level of a type I hypersensitivity where mast calls all over the body are sensitized releasing tons of histamine leading to bronchiole constriction and vasodilation
Shock: major drop in blood pressure
Suffocation

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16
Q

Most common causes of systemic anaphylaxis

A

Food, insect stings, antibiotics, and latex

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17
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Inhibit B and T cells, can be given to help bad allergies but weaken immune system

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18
Q

Antihistamines

A

Popular treatment and active ingredient in most over the counter allergy drugs work by blocking histamine receptors on target organs
Compete with histamine

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19
Q

Cromolyn

A

Prevents degranulation of mast cells

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20
Q

Epinephrine

A

Counteracts effects of histamine, should be carried by people susceptible to anaphylaxis

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21
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

Involve complement assisted lysis of foreign cells by IgG and IgM antibodies against the cell’s foreign surface antigens
Includes transfusion reactions

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22
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

When the wrong blood type is transfused IgG and IgM antibodies clump donated blood into an agglutination complex which can block circulation, activates complement causing membrane attack complex leading to hemolysis of donated blood cells and anemia

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23
Q

3 months

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A

Preformed antibodies against foreign blood type antigens

24
Q

Rh factor

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A

Glycoprotein surface antigen, dominant trait, 85% humans, no preformed antibodies against Rh factor, sensitized by Rh negative individual getting exposed to RH factor

25
Routes of exposure for RH factor
Transfusion or placental sensitization
26
Hemolytic disease of newborns
During labor some RH+ from baby can get into mom's circulatory system activate immune system and create memory IgG against RH making mom sensitized, then for next child if RH+ IgG antibodies against RH cross antibodies and bind fetal blood cells activating complement causing lysis of fetal blood cells Leads to miscarriage or if less antibodies are made and cross placenta may have mild effects from distress later in life
27
RhoGAM
Anti-RH antibodies given to RH- moms before and after labor that neutralize any baby blood that leave into mom’s system before her immune system reacts and becomes sensitized
28
Type III hypersensitivity
Soluble antigen reacts with antibodies IgG and IgM which form immune complexes that deposit in the tissues and trigger complement resulting in inflammatory responses and damage to the tissues
29
Type III mechanism
Antibody combines excess soluble antigen forming large complexes, the complexes become lodged in basement membranes of the epithelia of vessels kidney skin and other sites, complement factors trigger release of histamine and mediators, neutrophils migrate to immune complex sites and release enzymes and chemokines that severely damage tissues
30
Arthus reaction
Acute response to a second injection or vaccines at the same site as first injection Causes area to become red, hot, swollen, painful Usually cleared on its own Severe cases intravascular blood clotting
31
Serum sickness
Immune complexes formed from exposure to animal serum (proteins) Leads to kidney, heart, skin, and joint damage
32
Type IV hypersensitivity
Delayed response to antigens that involves t-cell mediated immunity T cells respond to antigens on self tissue or transplanted foreign cells Graft rejection where cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign MHC
33
Contact dermatitis
Type IV hypersensitivity, requires 2 exposures, liquid soluble chemicals are absorbed by skin, picked up by dendritic cells close to the epithelium pick up allergen, process it, and display on MHC, previously sensitized T helper cells that recognize and activate secreting cytokines to attract macrophages and cytotoxic T cells, macrophages secrete mediators causing local inflammation then cytotoxic T cells directly kill skin cells
34
Autograft
Tissue from one site of body to another site of their body no rejection risk
35
Isograft
Tissue from an identical thin, minimal rejection risk
36
Allograft
Most common type involving exchanges between genetically different individuals belonging to the same species Varying rejection risk based on MHC similarity
37
Xenograft
Transplant exchange between individuals of different species
38
Graft versus host disease
Especially in bone marrow transplants, the graft cells attack host Graft tissue has own cytotoxic T cells that don't recognize the recipient's MHC
39
Autoimmunity
Developing hypersensitivity to your own cells in which antibodies and/or autoreactive T cells attack self antigens
40
Autoimmunity causes
1) lost ability to determine self vs non-self from colonal deletion failing or improper selection of T cells 2) mutations to TCR and BCR 3) appropriate antigen is similar to self tissue 4) viral infection triggers attack Autoimmune more common in females
41
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Produce antibodies to DNA and cellular material damages multiple organs and has distinctive butterfly rash Treat steroids to weaken immune system
42
Rheumatoid arthritis
systemic autoimmune, Produce antibodies against joint tissue, chronic inflammation leads to scar tissue and joint damage
43
Type I diabetes
Produce antibodies to insulin-secreting islet cells (beta cells) of the pancreas can also develop autoreactive T cells can develop and actively destroy islet cells Reduces insulin production Insulin essential to cellular uptake of glucose
44
Multiple sclerosis
Produce antibodies against myelin sheath around nerves, autoreactive T cells can also contribute to destruction of nerves Diminished capacity of neurons to send impulses leading to neuromuscular disease Muscle weakness, tremors, speech, vision problems, paralysis
45
Myasthenia Gravis
Produce antibodies against acetylcholine receptors on muscles, no muscle contraction from blocked receptors, results in muscle paralysis
46
Immunodeficiency diseases
Components of the immune response system are absent involving B and T cells, phagocytes, and complement Recurrent overwhelming infections with opportunistic pathogens
47
Primary immunodeficiency
Genetically-based rack of immunity that is present at birth
48
Secondary immunodeficiency
Acquired after birth and caused by natural or artificial agents like infections, cancer, drugs, or radiation
49
Di Georgesyndrome
Most severe immunodeficiency underdeveloped or no thymus, can't create T cell receptors in thymus, no cell-mediated immunity Recurrent infections
50
agammaglobulinemia
Make no antibodies, caused by B cells that don’t make plasma cells, affects humoral immunity
51
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCIDs)
Most dire and lethal of immunodeficiencies, lack stem cells that develop into B and T lymphocytes, no immune system Bone marrow transplant containing B and T cans No rejection
52
Cancer
Growth of abnormal cells, repeated and uncontrolled cell division forming tumor
53
Benign tumor
Self-contained mass that doesn't invade or impede other tissues
54
Malignant tumor
Uncontrolled growth that does impact tissue function and spreads to other sites
55
Cancer causes
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes that play a role in telling cell to stop dividing or correcting Viral infections can carry oncogenes that cause cell to divide uncontrollably Environmental factors
56
Immune system + cancer
Cell mediated immune system does surveillance and cells with cancerous proteins are destroyed Cytotoxic T cells release perforins and granzymes
57
Dramatic cancer risk increase
Immunocompromised patients that lack adequate surveillance (T cells)

Microbio (14 decks)

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