lecture 16 Flashcards
(21 cards)
what are the steps and immune cells involved in SARS COV2 infection?
entry of viruses
induction of innate immunity responses that produce inflammatory cytokines—IL6 and type 1 IFN
IL6 and type 1 IFN– activates adaptive immune response
what contributes to the severity of COVID 19 infection, differences in low and high viral load?
hos immune respones
if there Is low viral load-early IFN– rapid viral clearance
high– delayed IFN response— viral persistence and inflammation
how does the mRNA vaccine work?
mRNA gives your cells instructions to make the spike
immune respone recognizes the spike & produces anti spike antibodies
if infected— antibodies used to fight the spike will fight against covid
vaccine does not enter the nucleus of the cell
how is tolerance to intestinal microbiome achieved?
interactions between microbiome, epithelial cells and immune cells in the laminate propria
what is the homeostatic environment of the gut dominated by and what maintains barrier health?
anti-inflammatory cytokines–IL10, TGF beta
Treg, IgA B cells, IC3 and Th17 maintain barrier health
SI and LI contain different communities of microorganisms and ____?
distance immune cell populations
what happens in the absence of microorganisms in the gut?
does not develop normally and the immune system is underdeveloped locally and systemically
what can restore intestinal and immune health in germ free mice?
single microorganisms and single microbial antigens
why can enhance intestinal health and immune system?
probiotics and frecal transplantation
how does microbial protect the host from pathogens?
competition for colonization sites or nutrients
elaboration of antimicrobial substances
stimulation of host defenses
what is the concept of immune checkpoint blockade therapy and how does it work?
T cell activation and deactivation are crucial to maintain T cell homeostasis, which controls immune responses
deactivation of T cells is via inhibitory receptors like CTLA4 and PD1
so if they do not receive the signals via antibodies that block these recerptors, they maintain the effector phenotype
what are the concerns of immune checkpoint blockade therapy?
it is not antigen depend manner, which leads to activation of undesirable immune responses via activated T effector cells
what are CAR T cells and what is the key principal of generating a CAR T cell?
CAR T cells target tumor cells in an antigen dependent manner
by incorporating both T and B cell receptor principles, engineered receptor express is specific for tumor antigens
Engineered T cells are expanded in vitro and introduced to the patient
activating signalling via CD3
how does TLR signaling work in innate immune cells?
recognize PAMPS, which activate macrophages , dendritic cells, and neutrophils, leading to pro inflammatory cytokines , interferons and antimicrobial response
what binds to TLR to trigger IFN production?
what interferons are produced?
nucleic acids
IFNA and IFNA are produced–> induce antiviral activities
what do IL 6 and TYPe 1 IFNS induce?
kill microbes
induct inflammation
initiate adaptive immune response
what type of IFN production does SAR cov2 induce?
which cytokine leads to cytokine release syndrome?
type 1 IFN
IL6
what is activated in repose to COIVD?
monocyte, macrophages, dendric cells
IL6 instigates amplification cascade
what are features of long COVID 19 pathogenesis?
increased CD4
exhausted CD8 cells
high level of SARS antibodies
—> improper cross talk between cellular & humeral adaptive immunity
what bacteria is involved for FMT?
C. difficile
what are 2 types of immunotherapy ?
checkpoint drugs that block immune checkpoints –T cells based
T cells transfer therapy– Boost the natural ability of T cells the fight cancer
