Lecture 16

Question 1

Hemorrhage by rhexis

Answer 1

(rapid)

substantial tear in blood vessel or heart chamber

Question 2

Hemorrhage by diapediesis

Answer 2

escape of RBC one by one through minute or microscopic defects in the vessel wall

Question 3

hemothorax

Answer 3

hemorrhage into the pleural cavity

Question 4

hemopericardium

Answer 4

into the pericardial sac

Question 5

hemoperitoneum

Answer 5

into the peritoneal/ abdominal cavity

Question 6

hemarthrosis

Answer 6

into synovial joint

Question 7

hematuria

Answer 7

blood in the urine

Question 8

hemoptysis

Answer 8

coughing of blood

Question 9

hematemesis

Answer 9

vomiting of blood

Question 10

hematochezia

Answer 10

passage of fresh blood in the feces

Question 11

dysentery

Answer 11

diarrhea containing blood

Question 12

melaena

Answer 12

diffuse, dark red black discoloration of feces due to upper GIT hemorrhage or swallowing of blood from the resp tract

Question 13

epistaxis

Answer 13

bleeding from the nose

Question 14

hyphema

Answer 14

hemorrhage into anterior chamber of the eye

Question 15

petechiae

Answer 15

tiny pinpoint foci of hemorrhage

typically on skin and on mucosal and serosal surfaces

Question 16

purpura

Answer 16

slightly larger than petechiae>3mm

Question 17

ecchymoses

Answer 17

larger foci of hemorrhage 2-3 cm blotchy and of irregular shape

Question 18

Paintbrush

Answer 18

linear or streaky hemorrhages especially over serosal or mucosal membranes

Question 19

hematoma

Answer 19

palpable, space occupying mass of clotted blood within the tissues

Question 20

How do hematomas resolve?

Color pigments

Answer 20

phagocytosed then filled with scar tissue
acute- red blue poorly O2 hemoglobin
subacute- blue green biliverdin and bilirubin
chronic-gold brown yellow hemosiderin

Question 21

What factors determine the clinical significance of hemorrhage

Answer 21

location, rate, and volume of blood loss

Question 22

What is MOST COMMON cause of hemorrhage

Answer 22

physical trauma

Question 23

What are other potential causes of hemorrhage than trauma(3)

Answer 23

severe tissue inflammation
spontaneous rupture
ecto/endo parasites

Question 24

Hemorrhagic diatheses

Answer 24

clinical disorders of hemostasis characterized by a bleeding tendency

Question 25

Clinical signs of a defect in primary hemostasis(6)

Answer 25

``` bleeding immediately after venipuncture small volume bleeds bleeding from multiple sites petechiae and ecchymoses hematomas uncommon bleeding from mucosal membranes into skin and over serosal surfaces ```

Question 26

Clinical signs of defect in secondary hemostasis(6)

Answer 26

``` delayed bleeding after venipuncture large volume bleeds often localized to one site petechiae and ecchymoses rare hematomas common bleeding into muscles, joints, and or body cavities ```

Question 27

4 major mechanisms for defect in primary hemostasis

Answer 27

thromobocytopenia thrombocytopathies (thrombopathies) vW disease damage to small blood vessels

Question 28

Major mechanisms responsible for thrombocytopenia in domestic animals(5)

Answer 28

``` dec platelet production (cats) platelet destruction (dogs) consumption (utilization) of platelets (DIC) platelet sequestration (spleen or liver) massive acute hemorrhage ```

Question 29

why is decreased platelet production the most common mechanism for thrombocytopenia in cats

Answer 29

largely due to retroviral infection (FLV) or myeloproliferative disease

Question 30

Why is platelet destruction the most common mechanism for thrombocytopenia in dogs

Answer 30

often immune mediated | or secondary to another disease process (neoplasia, viral, bacterial...)

Question 31

Thrombocytopathy (thrombopathy) | causes of it(3)

Answer 31

platelet function disorders, | drugs( COX blockers) (aspirin, NSAID) inherited, diseases (lupus)

Question 32

Role vWF plays in primary hemostasis

Answer 32

mediates the adhesion of platelets to exposed subendothelial collagen via their outer surface GpIb receptors

Question 33

Which species is most commonly affected by vWD? Breed? how is it inherited in this breed

Answer 33

dogs doberman pinscher autosomal recessive inheritance

Question 34

Clinical signs in a dog with vWD | 3 types

Answer 34

``` subclinical or mild to moderate bleeding (type 1- doberman)(most common) severe hemorrhage (type 2) scottish terriers , severe hemorrhage( type 3) ```

Question 35

Blood vessel disorders that can manifest as petechiae and ecchymoses in skin and or mucous membranes(3)

Answer 35

toxemia bacteremia vitamin deficiency(scurvy)