lecture 16 CNS disorders Flashcards by Anna Stevens

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system

nerves either after they leave the spinal cord or before they join the spinal cord

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autonomic nervous system

parasympathtic and sympathetic

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Cerebral cortex

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe and the cerebellum

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frontal lobe functions

intellectual function, praxis, inhibition, bladder continence, saccadic eye movement, motor function and expression of language

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what is the praxis

planning movements

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inhibition

appropriate behaviour

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what numbs the inhibition part of the brain

alcohol

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saccadic

voluntary eye movements

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frontal lobe dementia

disinhibited behaviour, change in appetite to sweet tooth, reduced sense of smell, bladder dysfunction, gait apraxia and progressive motor dysphasia

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dysphasia

deficiency in speech

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gait apraxia

feet get stuck to the ground

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brodmans area 4

motor strip

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where is the face found on the motor strip

more laterally

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lateral part of the brain is supplied by

middle cerebral artery

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middle part of the brain is supplied by

anterior cerebral artery

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where do the fibres go from the motor strip

corona radiata and then to the internal capsule

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where do the motor fibres go after the internal capsule

cerebral peduncles in the midbrain

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where do the motor fibres cross

medulla

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where do the motor fibres run after they have decussated in the medulla

corticospinal tracts

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what is the other tract than corticospinal

posterior columns

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middle cerebral artery stroke

upper motor neurons facial weakness, if it is the dominant hemisphere there will be expressive dysphasia and the arm will be affected more than the leg

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stroke of the anterior cerebral artery

leg affected more than arm, speech not affected face fine

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temporal lobe function

memory, smell, hearing, vestibular and emotion

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where is the atrophy in altzeimers

temporal lobe

area for vision

occipital lobe

where is the occipital lobe

at the back

parietal lobe function

sensory intergration | receptive language

what is sensory intergration

making sense of what you hear

dyslexics have a problem with

parietal lobe

parietal lobe lesion in the dominant lobe

dyslexia, acalculia, poor left/right discrimination and finger agnosia

parietal lobe lesion in the non dominant lobe

visuospatial apraxia and sensory extinction

Acalculia

counting

finger agnosia

cant tell which finger is which

sensory extinction

ignoring half the body

lesion in either parietal lobe

agraphasthesia, astereognosis, decreased 2 point discrimination and stimultangnosia

Agraphasthesia

cant recognise writting on the skin by touch

Astereognosis

cant recognise an object by touch

two big groups of sensory tracts

spnothalamic | posterior columns

what does pain and temperature run in

spinothalamic

what type of fibres are the pain and temp ones

small myelinated

what are the posterior columns for

joint position sense

where do the posterior columns cross

medulla

where does the spinothalamic cross

at the level the nerve atnters the spinal cord

brainstem

midbrain pons medulla

midbrain cranial nerves

3 and 4

pons cranial nerves

5, 6, 7 and 8

medulla cranial nerves

9, 10, 11 and 12

what other structures are found in the brain stem

red nucleus | substantia nigra

what is the substantia nigra for

dopamine production

what is the red nucleus in relation to

co-ordination

if you have a lesion of the red nucleus what symptoms will you get

contralateral tremor

what colour is the substantia nigra

black

what is dopamine the precursr of

melanin

weber midbrain syndrom

stroke of the medial midbrain

what are the effects of weber midbrain sydrome

ipsilateral oculomotor palsy and contralateral motor dysfunction

wallenburg syndrome

lateral medullary syndrome

what is blocked in wallenburg syndrome

inferior posterior cerebellar atery

three functional parts of the cerbellum

vestibulocerbellum spinocerebellum and the lateral hemispheres

where is the vestibulocerebellum

midline

where is the spinocerebellum

either side of the midline

what is the midline of the cerebellum called

vermis

what is the vestibulocerbellum involved in

balance

what affects the vermis

alcohol

spinocerbellum functions

postural tone

pontocerebellum function

fine coordination

staccato

jerky, fragmented

scanning

explosive speech

hypotonia

lack of tone

dysmetria

past pointing - distance

Dysdiadochokinesia

rapid alternating movement

what side are cerebellar lesions symptoms on

ipsilateral

what is the cerebellar lesion acronym

VANISHD

what does the VANISHD stand for

``` vertigo ataxia nystagmus intention tremor slurred speech hypotonia dysmetria and dysdiadochakinesia ```

lateral geniculate of the thalamus is for

vision

medial geniculate of the thalamus is for

hearing

ventroposterior thalamus

sensation

anterior thalamus

limbic

cranial nerve 1

optic

posative symptoms of the brain could be due to

migraine

negative signs are more likely to be

stroke

papilledema is

raised pressure

muscle innervation in the eye

SO4, LR6 and the rest are three

oculomotor nerve lesion

looking down pupil dilation ptosis

ptosis

eye lid drooping

horners syndrome signs

drooping eyelid and constricted pupil

what is horners syndrome a problem with

sympathetic nerve

in the third cranial nerve where do the parasympathetic nerve fibers run

on the outside

problem with trochlear nerve signs

cant look down and in

problem with abducens they cant look

lateraly

midbrain cranial nerves

3 and 4

pons cranial nerves

5, 6, 7 and 8

medulla cranial nerves

9, 10, 11 and 12

accessorty nerve palsy

cant shrug shoulders

top half of the face is fine, bottom half is fooked, what is the problem

upper motor neurone lesion

Hyperacusis

increased sensitivity to sound

dysarthria

difficulty with speech

UMNL reflex, tone and power

increased tone decreased power increased reflex

LMNL reflex, tone and power

decreased decreased decreased

posterior columns is for

joint position

which tract do the majority of the motor fibres run in

lateral corticospinal tract

in the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord what is more lateral legs or arms

legs are more lateral

so if there is a lesion pressing on the spinal cord on the corticospinal tract what will be more affceted

legs

in the posterior columns what is more lateral

arms

ankle reflex

S1 and S2

knee reflex

L3 and L4

supinator biceps reflex

C5 and C6

triceps reflex

C7 and C8

parkinsonian gait

small steps shuffling

frontal lesion gait

small steps

antalgic gait

limp

high steppage gait

peripheral neuropathy