Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIO 203 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What 3 things develop from the neural crest and neural tube?

A
  • Cells of the PNS & several non-neural cell types
  • 2 inner meninges (arachnoid and pia mater)
  • most of the PNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the anterior end of the neural tube become?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the posterior end of the neural tube turn into?

A

The spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does lumen from the neural tube turn into?

A

Fluid-filled space that will later be ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the embryonic brain develop complexity?

A

Through enlargements of the neural tube called vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many primary brain vesicles are there in a 3-4 week embryo?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many secondary brain vesicles are there in a 5 week old embryo?

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions

Memory storage and processing

Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

Relay and processing center for sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Processing of visual and auditory data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates complex somatic motor pattern

Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Relays sensory information to thalamus

Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are gyri?

A

The outer surface of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What purposes do gyri serve?

A

They seperate brain hemispheres (longitudes fissure)

Separation of brain lobes (lateral sulcus)

Divides somatic sensory cortex and motor cortex (central sulcus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain gyrus, sulcus, and fissure

A

Gyrus (gyri) = thick fold on brain surface

Sulcus (sulci) = shallow groove between gyri

Fissure = a deep sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the percentages of gray and white matter in the brain?

A

40% gray
60% white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does the color of white matter comes from?

A

From a high lipid fat content in myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the structures that are gray matter?

A

Cortex
Cerebral nuclei
Cell bodies
Dendrites
Synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are cerebral nuclei?

A

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the structures made of white matter?

A

Inner white matter
Corpus callosum
Internal capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connects hemispheres of brain
Latin for “tough body”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibers on each side of brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are meninges?
3 membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord
26
What are the functions of meninges?
Protection Structural framework for arteries and veins CSF circulation
27
What are ventricles?
Interconnected cavities inside the brain (4) filled with cerebrospinal fluid
28
What are the 4 ventricles?
Lateral x2 Third Fourth
29
What is the choroid plexus?
Spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall of each ventricle
30
What is filtered through capillaries of the brain?
Blood plasma
31
What do ependymal cells modify?
The filtrate
32
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Clear, colorless liquid Fills the ventricles and canals of CNS CSF continuously flows through the CNS
33
Where do ultimately all CSF escape through?
Through 3 pores that lead into subarachnoid space
34
What are dural venous sinuses?
Sinuses or blood channels that drain venous blood circulating from the cranial cavities Returns deoxygenated blood from the head to the heart
35
What are arachnoid granulations?
Structures protruding through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus CSF penetrates its walls and mixes with blood in the sinus
36
What are the 3 functions of CSF?
Buoyancy: allows for the brain to attain considerable size without being impairs by its own weight Protection: forms a pad around the CNS and protects it form shock Chemical stability: provides nutrition to surrounding tissues; helps the CNS to maintain its ionic balance; removes waste; hydrates brain tissue
37
What does the blood-brain barrier (BBS) regulate?
Regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain
38
The BBS is selectively permeable, but is highly permeable to what substances?
Water, glucose, and lipid solvable substance such as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, or anesthetics
39
What does the BBS consist of?
Consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls
40
What must anything leaving the blood pass through?
Must pass through cells and not the caps between them
41
What can BBS be an obstacle for?
For delivering medication
42
What damage can trauma and inflammation do to the BBS?
It can allow pathogens to enter brain tissue
43
What are circumventricular organs (CVOs)?
They are in the 3rd and 4th ventricles where the blood-brain barrier is absent, and the blood has direct access to brain neurons
44
Which 2 point of entry to the brain must be guarded?
Capillaries of the choroid plexus Blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue
45
How are the capillaries of the blood brain choroid plexus guarded?
By the blood-CSF barrier (Section of choroid plexus)
46
How does the blood-CSF barrier guard the capillaries of the choroid plexus?
Tight junction between the ependymal cells
47
How are blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue guarded?
By the blood-brain barrier
48
What is the brainstem?
Structure that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum
49
What are the 3 regions of the brain from top to bottom?
1. Forebrain 2. Midbrain 3. Hindbrain
50
What are 3 parts of the forebrain?
Cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus
51
What are the parts of the midbrain?
Just the midbrain
52
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum
53
What is the function of the midbrain?
Eye movement, ocular, and auditory reflexes
54
What is the function of the pons?
“The bridge” Relay sensory information between the cerebrum and the medulla (made up of nerve tracts)
55
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Sends sensory information to the thalamus Regulates visceral functions (breathing, heart rate, digestion)
56
What are respiratory centers?
Clusters of specific neurons that control breathing
57
Where are respiratory centers located?
In the pons and medulla
58
Where is the cerebral aquaduct?
In the midbrain It connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles together
59
What is the small portion dorsal (behind) to the cerebral aquaduct?
The tectum (or roof plate)
60
What is remainder of the midbrain made up of?
Cerebral peduncles
61
What are the cerebral peduncles divided by and into?
Divided BY the substantia nigra INTO the tegmentum (posteriorly back) and crus cerebri (anteriorly front)
62
What is the substantia nigra?
A black nucleus pigmented with melanin
63
What does a motor center in the midbrain do?
Inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei suppressing unwanted body movement
64
What does degeneration of neurons lead to?
Tremors of Parkinson’s disease
65
What does each side on the crus cerebri contain?
Corticospinal (motor) tract
66
Where is the ventral tegmental area (VTA) situated?
Adjacent to the substantia nigra (not a clear anatomical separation)
67
What is the function of the VTA?
It provides the ventral striatum with dopamine
68
What passes through the medulla?
All ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibers connecting brain and spinal cord
69
What do medullary cardiovascular centers do?
Regulate the rate and force of heartbeats and BP
70
What does the reticular formation form?
Forms a net-like connection of nuclei and neurons, hence its name “reticular”
71
Where does the reticular formation run?
Runs vertically thought all levels of the brainstem and into the upper spinal cord
72
What does the reticular formation coordinate?
Many vital functions and protective reflexes
73
What the 5 functions of the reticular formation?
Somatic motor control Cardiovascular & respiratory control Pain modulation Sleep-wake cycles and consciousness Habituation
74
How does the somatic motor control work?
Through reticulospinal tracts Relays finales from eyes and ears to the cerebellum (To integrate stimuli with motor coordination)
75
What does the cardiovascular & respiratory control also include?
Cardiac and vasomotor centers of the medulla
76
What is pain modulation the origin of?
Origin of the descending analgesic pathways
77
How does habitation work?
Brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others
78
What is the cerebellum connected to?
Connected to the brainstem by 3 pairs of stalks (cerebellar peduncles)
79
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Helps balance Motor coordination and locomotor ability
80
What is the vermis?
Connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres in the cerebellum
81
What are parallel fibers?
Granule cell axons
82
What is a purkinje cell?
Synapse on deep nuclei
83
What does the superficial cortex of the cerebellum contain?
Gray matter with folds (folia)

BIO 203 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions