Lecture 17 & 18

Question 1

What are leaders?

Answer 1

Are essential during early stages of growth or transformation, create or stabilise new organisations by setting a vision

Question 2

What are managers?

Answer 2

Assign and supervise tasks within a pre-existing hierarchy

Question 3

What is management as a function?

Answer 3

Fund managers, marketing managers, estate managers (occupation description)

Question 4

What is management as an activity?

Answer 4

Time management, financial management (set of practices)

Question 5

What is management as an interest/ social group?

Answer 5

Senior management, middle management (reflection of social status and position)

Question 6

What is the perspective on management from X theories?

Answer 6

Workers are lazy, require monetary incentives, managers need to plan, organise, direct, command, coordinate and control

Question 7

What is the perspective on management from Y theories?

Answer 7

Workers are potentially self motivated, require fulfilment, self-realisation, managers enable learning and development

Question 8

What is theory Z?

Answer 8

Japanese theory including management techniques of lifetime contracts, bottom-up and top-down decision making, employees contribute to innovation

Question 9

What are key properties of a leader?

Answer 9

Vision, ambition, strategic insight, rhetorical skills, ability to motivate others

Question 10

What are different approaches to leadership?

Answer 10

1. behavioural
2. Situational / contingency
3. transactional & Transformation
4. Critical perspectives

Question 11

1. What are the leadership styles of the behavioural continuum?

Answer 11

1. Exploitative Autocratic
2. Benevolent Autocratic
3. Participant
4. Democratic

Question 12

What are the features of exploitative autocratice?

Answer 12

Task-focused with minimal concern for employees; leads to exploitation

Question 13

What are the features of Benevolent autocratic leadership?

Answer 13

Autocratic but kinder approach; still task-focused with some concern for employees

Question 14

What are the features of participative leadership?

Answer 14

Employees involved in decision-making, with strong concern for their welfare

Question 15

What are the features of democratic leadership?

Answer 15

Emphasised respect for contributions from all members, involving them in decisions while focusing on tasks

Question 16

2. What is situational / contingency theory?

Answer 16

No single best way to lead, it is situation dependant including factors like environment, task complexity, team dynamics and organisational structure

Question 17

Hersey & Blanchard - what are the three aspects of their theory?

Answer 17

1. Task behaviour
2. Relationship behaviour
3. Follower maturity

Question 18

Hersey & Blanchard -What is task behaviour?

Answer 18

Extent of which leaders provide clear directions and guidance about tasks

Question 19

Hersey & Blanchard - What is relationship behaviour?

Answer 19

How much leaders offer support, encouragement and communication to build trust, maintain good relationships with followers

Question 20

Hersey & Blanchard - What is follower maturity?

Answer 20

The followers’ readiness, including their abilities and willingness to complete the task

Question 21

Tannenbaum
& Schmidt - What is their model?

Answer 21

view leadership as a continuum, from boss-centred to subordinate-centred styles, emphasising leaders should adapt approach based on autonomy they grant employees

Question 22

Tannenbaum
& Schmidt - What is boss-centred leadership?

Answer 22

Leader maintains full control, making independent decisions, providing clear instructions, ideal for situations needing tight control or quick action

Question 23

Tannenbaum
& Schmidt - What is subordinate-centred leadership?

Answer 23

Leader delegates authority, encourages participation, promotes autonomy, effective when employees motivated and capable

Question 24

Fiedler - What are his theories key factors?

Answer 24

1. Leader’s Power Position
2. Situational Favourableness

Question 25

Fiedler - What is Leader's Power Position?

Answer 25

Refers to the authority and influence a leader has within an organisation

Question 26

Fiedler - What is situational favourableness?

Answer 26

Refers to follower maturity, defined by their ability and willingness to perform tasks

Question 27

What is transactional leadership?

Answer 27

Implicit and explicit calculations in order to get results

Question 28

What is transformational leadership?

Answer 28

Based on linking followers' motivation directly to the pursued outcomes

Question 29

What are critical approaches to leadership and management?

Answer 29

Difference between theories and reality, inequality can overly influence employees, fear can silence worker resistance

Question 30

What are forms of organisational misbehaviour?

Answer 30

Rudeness, Bullying, Idleness, organised resistance, absenteeism, cynicism

Question 31

What is Grint's Proposal?

Answer 31

Leaders and environments are malleable, leaders shape our interpretations of the environment, goals, challenges, competition, etc

Question 32

What are Machiavellian Leaders?

Answer 32

Characterised by interpersonal manipulation and associated with specific patterns of emotional and social cognition skills.