Lecture 17- Learning And Memory Part 2 Flashcards
Name the two types of memory
Implicit and explicit
What is implicit memory?
-It’s unconscious memory, no declarative memory.
-It’s a memory that influence behaviour in an automatic, involuntary manner
-Automatic adjustments to perceptual, cognitive and motor systems that occur beneath the level of conscious awareness.
-> procedural memories (how to ride a bike)
-> perceptual memories (how to tell identical twins apart, unconsciously)
-> stimulus-response memories (salivating in response to a tone)
What is explicit memory?
- Memories of events, facts that we can think and talk about consciously.
—> episodic memory
• personal experiences associated with a time and a place. Autobiographical memory that involves contextual information that is learned all at once
—> sematic memory
• Encyclopaedic memory of facts and general information, often acquired gradually over time. Knowledge need not be associated with time and place where we learned the information
What is the episodic memory?
Personal experiences associated with a time and place. It is naturally learned as you go through life.
What is the semantic memory?
It is the memory of facts and general information.
They are not attached necessarily to a time and place.
It’s like a big bank of info about the world.
how you know these things might not be evident.
Describe perceptual learning.
Part of the implicit memory —> unconscious
- It’s the basis of recognition and categorization.
- It’s detecting the regularities of the stimuli that we perceive.
Dependent on neocortex —> sensory association areas
What is perceptual learning dependent on?
The neocortex —> sensory association areas
Describe motor learning.
Involves many different part of the brain.
At the basis of motor skills.
Implicit and unconscious. (Like riding a bike)
Describe rational learning (stimulus-stimulus learning).
It is explicit, so conscious and deliberate.
It’s a the basis of the episodic and semantic memories.
Dependent on hippocampus and neocortex
What is relational learning dependent on?
The hippocampus and the neocortex
Describe the stimulus-response learning.
It uses implicit and explicit memory. Therefore it is both conscious and unconscious.
It is at the basis of the classical and instrumental conditioning.
Involves different parts of the brain depending on stimulus and response
What are the three durations of memory?
-Sensory memory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory
What is the sensory memory?
It is a perceptual memory of the stimuli of the world.
Occurs with each of the senses.
It lasts only a couple of seconds or less.
Kind of an extension of what we saw or heard (memory of what we saw or heard).
What is the short-term memory?
It lasts for a few seconds or a few minutes.
The sensory info we focus on will enter the short-term memory.
It is limited to a few items, like the digits of a phone of how to spell a name.
What is the long-term memory?
Things that come from the short-term memory can enter the long-term memory after a while of repetition or learning.
It contains info that can be retrieved throughout a lifetime, years, months, a very long time.
Name the concept:
- It enables us to recognize and identify objects or situations. It is a pattern recognition system. It makes us recognize changes and variations in stimuli.
Perceptual learning
What is the difference between the ventral stream and the dorsal stream in perceptual learning?
Dorsal stream
-from the primary visual cortex
- How are things moving, how do we interact with it.
Ventral stream
- From the primary visual cortex
- What is it that we see? Categories, stereotypes, recognition
Name the agnostia
; Damage to the regions of the brain involved in visual perception not only impair ability to recognize visual stimuli but also disrupt people’s memory of visual properties of familiar stimuli.
Visual agnosia
What are the effects of visual agnosia?
- They can perceive visual stimuli but their brain does not makes sense of it and cannot recognize it as a whole. They can copy a drawing since they can see the individual lines, but when asked to draw from memory, they cannot reproduce the image.
What feedback does motor learning use to improve and optimize movements?
Feedback from our movements from our joints, vestibular system, eyes, ears, etc.
What parts of the brain are involved in motor learning?
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Moto cortex
What is the between-session learning as seen in motor learning?
Compared to the rapid learning, this learning is a slower process where movements in motor behaviour are seen following a period of the memory consolidation (in part during sleep).
What is classical conditioning (Pavlovian learning)?
1) An unconditioned stimulus —> produces an unconditioned response
- A stimulus that has inherent value, like food or a painful shock produces a behavioural response that is innate, hard-wire, unlearned.
2) The conditioned stimulus —> now produces a conditioned response
- A stimulus that was initially perceived as neutral is now perceived as predictive of an unconditioned response. It gives way to a behavioural response that occurs in response to a conditioned stimulus.
What is instrumental conditioning?
It’s learning that is characterized by learning from the consequences of your actions, from the receipt of reinforcement or punishment.
Mostly unconscious learning
