Lecture 17 - Parasitology, Plasmodium sp., Malaria

Question 1

Which are the most commonly discussed parasites?

Answer 1

protozoa and helminhs

Question 2

How many new cases/year of malaria?

Answer 2

200-300 million

Question 3

How many deaths/year are due to malaria?

Answer 3

2-3 million

Question 4

What are the 3 mechanisms of protozoal locomotion?

Answer 4

ameboid movement, flagellae, gliding motility (apicomplexa)

Question 5

What is the mode of entry and exit for malaria?

Answer 5

both = insect bite

Question 6

Are there any known vaccines to treat parasites?

Answer 6

not yet due to stages and forms; antibody response is low

Question 7

What are 2 points of intervention in the human stage of the parasite life cycle?

Answer 7

chemoprophylaxis during maturation and other drugs during replication

Question 8

What are 4 methods of intervention in the extra-human stage of the parasite life cycle?

Answer 8

bednets, insecticides, potable water, sanitation

Question 9

Is plasmodium malariae a cosmopolitan or geographically restricted range of transmission?

Answer 9

geographically restricted

Question 10

What is the reservoir of the plasmodium species?

Answer 10

infected humans

Question 11

What is the mode of transmission of the plasmodium species?

Answer 11

vectorborne by the female Anopheles mosquito

Question 12

What are the clinical manifestations of infections due to plasmodium species?

Answer 12

fever, chills, RBC lysis

Question 13

What are the 2 stages in the life cycle of plasmodium species?

Answer 13

human and mosquito

Question 14

What is the effect of hypoxia on parasite growth in Sickle Hemoglobin RBCs?

Answer 14

decrease in number of parasites because cannot live in hypoxic environments

Question 15

What is hypoxia?

Answer 15

oxygen depletion

Question 16

What are the 4 forms of Plasmodium species in blood cells?

Answer 16

gametocytes, schizont, trophozoite, early “ring” forms

Question 17

Which plasmodium species trophozoite and schizont form is not seen in peripheral blood?

Answer 17

plasmodium falciparum

Question 18

What is the trophozoite phase of Plasmodium species?

Answer 18

the activated stage, feeds off host, absorbs nutrients

Question 19

What is the schizont phase of the Plasmodium species?

Answer 19

cell division stage of gametocytes

Question 20

What are the 4 treatments against infections due to Plasmodium species

Answer 20

quinidine, chloroquine, coartem, malarone

Question 21

What are parasites? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 21

eukaryotic, single cell organisms

Question 22

What are helminhs?

Answer 22

eukaryotic multicellular worms, replicate outside of human host

Question 23

In which type of individuals does malaria often occur?

Answer 23

malnourished African children

Question 24

What 4 plasmodium protozoa species causes malaria in humans?

Answer 24

P. falciparium, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae

Question 25

What factor in countries such as the United States makes the occurrence of malaria rare despite the presence of the Anopheles mosquito?

Answer 25

temperate climate

Question 26

Where in the mosquito does the sporozoite form of Plasmodium reside?

Answer 26

salivary glands of mosquito

Question 27

Within 30 minutes of injection of the Plasmodia into the human via mosquito, which type of cells does it first infect?

Answer 27

liver cells

Question 28

Where in the human body do Plasmodia mature? What is this cycle called?

Answer 28

hepatocellular cycle, matures in liver cells

Question 29

What are protozoa?

Answer 29

eukaryotic, single-celled, multiple hosts, vectors, environments = complex lifestyles

Question 30

What does "proto" and "zoa" mean?

Answer 30

first, animal

Question 31

What are the 2 classifications of protozoans?

Answer 31

life cycle and movement/locomotion

Question 32

Where does the parasite life cycle start in?

Answer 32

vector environment

Question 33

What is the infection of malaria mostly occur to?

Answer 33

people who travel

Question 34

What are the 3 types of transmission of Plasmodia?

Answer 34

blood-blood, vector, blood transfusion

Question 35

Which bodily tissues or fluids are Plasmodia found?

Answer 35

blood and liver tissues

Question 36

How many Plasmodia species causes malaria?

Answer 36

more than one, the others affect primates

Question 37

Which treatment are Plasmodia resistant to?

Answer 37

chloroquinone