Lecture 5

Question 1

What does “staphyle” mean in Greek?

Answer 1

bunch of grapes

Question 2

What does coccus mean in latin?

Answer 2

berry-shaped

Question 3

What are characteristics of staphylococcus?

Answer 3

gram+, grape-like morphology, 1 µm in diameter, resitant to drying, no endospores, catalase+

Question 4

Where is staphylococcus found?

Answer 4

human microbiota

Question 5

How many different diseases can staphylococcus bacteria cause?

Answer 5

many different diseases = produce many toxins

Question 6

About how many different staphylococcus species are there and which 3 do we need to know?

Answer 6

~40; S. aureus, S, epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

Question 7

What does “aureus” mean?

Answer 7

golden

Question 8

What does “epidermidis” mean?

Answer 8

outer skin

Question 9

What does “sapros” and “phyton” mean?

Answer 9

rotten and plant

Question 10

Which type of bacteria tend to be more resistant to dry conditions?

Answer 10

gram+

Question 11

What is the best way to differentiate between a staphylococcus and a streptococcus?

Answer 11

catalase test; streptococcus = negative

Question 12

What does “toxinoses” mean?

Answer 12

damage caused by an exotoxin

Question 13

What diseases does S.aureus cause?

Answer 13

septicemia, bacteremia and different diseases depending on the site

Question 14

What diseases does S. epidermidis cause?

Answer 14

endocarditis, implant-related inections

Question 15

What disease does S. saprophyticus cause?

Answer 15

UTI

Question 16

Which of the 3 staphylococcus species is resistant to novobiocin?

Answer 16

S. saprophyticus

Question 17

Which of the 3 staphylococcus species is susceptible to novobiocin but is negative for coagulase?

Answer 17

S. epidermidis

Question 18

Which of the 3 staphylococcus species has a yellow colony color?

Answer 18

S. aureus

Question 19

When was S. aureus first identified?

Answer 19

1880

Question 20

What are some characteristics of S. aureus?

Answer 20

non-motile, survives on fomites, found in 30% healthy people, can be transmitted via aerosols or direct contact

Question 21

Where on the human microbiota would you find S. aureus?

Answer 21

nose and skin

Question 22

What is the “main reservoir”?

Answer 22

human microbiota

Question 23

What are the types of diseases caused by S. aureus?

Answer 23

impetigo/boils/scalded skin syndrome; abscess; TSS (toxic shock syndrome); scepticemia, pneumonia, food-bourne illness, bone infection, plastic implants infection

Question 24

What are some examples of S.aureus mediated diseases?

Answer 24

eye stye; bacterial infection after surgery; wound infections (from WWII)

Question 25

What is the Ritter disease?

Answer 25

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome || condition that has to do with the skin, exfoliative dermatitis

Question 26

In what patients is Ritter disease common in?

Answer 26

kids and immuno-compromised adults

Question 27

How does the Ritter disease begin to proliferate?

Answer 27

site of infection dictates where the bacteria entered the host

Question 28

What is the mortality rate of this disease?

Answer 28

less that 5% kids and about 60% in immuno-compromised adults

Question 29

What are the 2 types of Ritter disease?

Answer 29

generalized (all over) and localized (bullus impetigo)

Question 30

What is exfoliative dermatitis?

Answer 30

redness/inflammation around mouth = spreads throughout body and blisters

Question 31

What is the recovery time for Ritter's disease?

Answer 31

7-10 days

Question 32

What toxin causes Ritter disease?

Answer 32

exfoliative toxins (ETA and ETB)

Question 33

When was the first outbreak of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and what happened?

Answer 33

1928 in australia | vacccines were accidentally contaminated with S.aureus = got into bloodstream of kids = caused infection and death

Question 34

What toxin does S.aureus produce to cause TSS? What type of toxin is it?

Answer 34

toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1); superantigen toxin

Question 35

What kind of disease is TSS?

Answer 35

recurrent = can't develop protective a = immunity against the condition

Question 36

How can a woman get TSS?

Answer 36

use not 100% hyper-absorbent tampons ; toxin produced in the vagina and enters into bloodstream = many organs can get infected = death

Question 37

Where does staphylococcal food poisoning occur?

Answer 37

GI tract

Question 38

How does staphylococcal food poisoning occur?

Answer 38

person prepping food contaminates it (by not washing hands, etc) = S.aureus grows and produces toxin on food = food posioning

Question 39

What toxins cause staphylococcal food posioning?

Answer 39

staphylococcal enterotoxins

Question 40

What are the most commonly contaminated food?

Answer 40

processed meats, custard-filled pastries, potato salad, ice cream

Question 41

Symptoms of staphylococcal food posioning?

Answer 41

severe vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea

Question 42

What are cutaneous staphylococcal infections?

Answer 42

localized pyogenic staphylococcal infections

Question 43

4 types of cutaneous staphylococcal infections?

Answer 43

imetigo, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles

Question 44

What is impetigo?

Answer 44

localzed cutaneous infection characterized by pus-filled vesicles

Question 45

What is folliculitis?

Answer 45

impetigo involving hair follicles

Question 46

What are boils?

Answer 46

large, painful, pus-filled cutaneous nodules

Question 47

What are carbuncles?

Answer 47

when boils extend to deeper subcutaneous tissue

Question 48

What does MSCRAMM adhesin stand for?

Answer 48

microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecule

Question 49

What does MSCRAMM do?

Answer 49

bind to ECM proteins like collagen and fibronectin

Question 50

How can a capsule act as a virulence factor?

Answer 50

inhibits phagocytosis, protects from hsot cell immune defenses

Question 51

How can peptidoglycan act as a virulence factor?

Answer 51

endotoxin-like activity and contributes to inflammation, pieces of murein will act as endotoxin when bacteria dies

Question 52

How can teichoic acids act as a virulence factor?

Answer 52

contribute to inflammation and binding to mucosal cells

Question 53

How can Protein A act as a virulence factor?

Answer 53

sort of nan adhesion that binds to areas on the body at Fc terminus of IgG antibodies

Question 54

What can you use to identify a microbe?

Answer 54

biochemical assays

Question 55

What is current for vaccines against S. aureus?

Answer 55

currently under development

Question 56

What antibiotics can we use against Staphylococcus species?

Answer 56

methicillin and vancomycin

Question 57

What are 2 antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus?

Answer 57

methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant

Question 58

What are methicillin-resistant S. aureus treated with?

Answer 58

vancomycin

Question 59

What are vancomycin-resistant S. aureus treated with?

Answer 59

new antimicrobials

Question 60

What are characteristics of S. epidermidis?

Answer 60

white colonies that are coagulase negative and forms biofilms on plastic, colony morphology = less grape-like

Question 61

Where are S. epidermidis found on in the body?

Answer 61

skin

Question 62

What are some diseases associated with S. epidermidis?

Answer 62

prosthetic-using patients (biofilm formation) and hospitalized patients; endocarditis

Question 63

What are the virulence factors associated with S. epidermidis?

Answer 63

LTA (lipoteichoic acid) and polysaccharide slime

Question 64

What are some characteristics of S. saprophyticus?

Answer 64

colonizes skin and vaginal tract

Question 65

What is the disease that S. saprophyticus is mostly associated with?

Answer 65

UTI

Question 66

What are the virulence factors associated with S. saprophyticus?

Answer 66

surface adhesin that binds to bladder cells