Lecture 18

Question 1

Proliferation?

Answer 1

One cell divides into multiple cells

Question 2

Differentiation

Answer 2

Cells become different from one another

Question 3

Morphogenesis

Answer 3

-Cells change their shape and arrangment

Question 4

Totipotent

Answer 4

every cell in the embryo can go on to make any cell in the body

Question 5

Trophectoderm

Answer 5

Becomes placenta

Question 6

Inner mast cell

Answer 6

Becomes fetus

Question 7

Inner mast cell two lineages?

Answer 7

Epiblast(inside)
Primitive ectoderm(outside cells)

Question 8

Hippo signalling pathway

Answer 8

Dtermines whether cells become trophectoderm or inner cell mass

Question 9

Order of primitive streak cells?

Answer 9

-Endoderm
_mesoderm
-Ectoderm

Question 10

Endoderm becomes?

Answer 10

-GI tract
-Lungs

Question 11

Mesoderm becomes?

Answer 11

-Blood
-Bone
-Kidney
-Muscles

Question 12

Ectoderm becomes?

Answer 12

-Skin
-CNS
-Pigment

Question 13

Anterior vs Posterior

Answer 13

Anterior(head)
Posterior(feet)

Question 14

Ventral vs Dorsal

Answer 14

Ventral(stomach)
Dorsal (back)

Question 15

Purpose of axis?

Answer 15

Ensure the orgaqns end up in the right places

Question 16

HOX genes?

Answer 16

interpret the different axes during gastrulation to make sure that organs end up in the correct places during development at the right time

Question 17

Loss of UBx Genes vs Lots of Ubx genes?

Answer 17

Loss: Drosophila with two sets of wings(lose haltier segment)
Lots: No wings

Question 18

T/F: HOX genes are arranged in chromosomes in the same order they are expressed in the body?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

How are HOX genes in humans expressed?

Answer 19

-From most anterior to most posterior

Question 20

Overexpression of HOXA10 in mice?

Answer 20

-All the vertebrae become lumbar
-No more ribs

Question 21

Under expression of HOXA10 in mice?

Answer 21

-All the vertebrae become thoracic
-No more lumbar

Question 22

HOX genes are conserved among species?

Answer 22

Ture

Question 23

What gives rise to the CNS?

Answer 23

Neural tube which forms from the ectoderm

Question 24

Dorsal/Ventral axis for CNS?

Answer 24

Heat/Pain and pressure come from dorsal side
Motor neurons are on the ventral side

Question 25

Morphogen Gradient?

Answer 25

-Morphogens diffuse a signal the further from the signal the smaller the effect

Question 26

BMP

Answer 26

-Signals from the dorsal side causes cells to differentiate to dorsal cells the closer they are to it

Question 27

Shh

Answer 27

-Signals from the ventral side

Question 28

BMP and Shh

Answer 28

Depending on the concentration of Shh and BMP surrounding a cell determines which transcription factors a cell will turn on -This makes the different neurons of the CNS

Question 29

Second and third trimester of pregnancy?

Answer 29

Makes everything bigger

Question 30

How to increase size of fetus?

Answer 30

-Cells get bigger -Cell division (more cells) -Embryo modulates cell death preventing it

Question 31

Later stages the pathway that controls proliferation

Answer 31

1. YAP will not be phosphorylated by LATs1/2 and will move into the nucleus and turn on genes needed for proliferation of the embryo