Lecture 18: Fetal Transplant Flashcards
(59 cards)
What is the biggest barrier igniting rejection?
MHC (system that allows us to discriminate between self and non self)
What tests can be done to determine donor/recipient compatibility?
detect recipient antibodies that might cause rejection of transplanted organs
What antibodies would you react with donor to test compatibility?
serum antibodies (lymphocytotoxic - would only have them if you were pregnant or had a prior transplant)
What is mixed lymphocyte culture?
basically a transplant in vivo (classic way to measure compatibility)
What are the best predictors of graft survival?
MHC Class 2 (DR) matches
What is the best way to determine whether potential organ recipients have MLC antibodies present in their serum?
incubate it with a panel of lymphocytes of known HLA specificity in individual wells. Then add complement so that the lymphocytes that have bound antibody will lyse
What are the steps of a mixed lymphocyte culture?
1) take cells from recipient and mix them with irradiated donor cells (so the donor won’t respond to recipient by multiplying)
2) mix the two lymphocyte cultures
3) Look to see if recipient cells proliferate (sign of INCOMPATIBILITY; not a good donor)
True or false: in graft rejection, both donor and host DCs get involved
TRUE
What are the 2 main ways the mammalian immune response prevents engraftment of tissue? (2 routes of allorecognition)
1) DIRECT: activation of the immune system by foreign MHC marker itself (w/o any MHC processing - HERESY)
2) INDIRECT: alloantigens are phagocytized, processed, and represented in context of Class II MHC by APCs
Why is the DIRECT allorecognition route considered a heresy?
It doesn’t obey the MHC restriction concept of antigen presentation since the recipient is recognizing MHC as antigen
(CD4+ T cells react with foreign MHC, treating it like peptide)
Which method of allorecognition involves recognizing grafted antigen presented by recipient MHC?
indirect (normal way)
Which method of allorecognition involves recognizing MHC as pathogen?
direct (HERESY)
What happens after direct and indirect activation of the immune system by allorecognition?
Classic CD4, Th1 response occurs
What are MANDATORY participants in ALL forms of cellular rejection?
CD4 T cells
What kind of Th response occurs during graft rejection?
TMMI (lots of IL-12 secretion)
leads to clonal expansion of CD8-alloantigen specific T cells (driven by IL-21)
True or false: donor dendritic cells take up alloantigen
FALSE, only host DCs do
What occurs in the lymph node after grafts?
Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses
APCs present peptide to T cells to generate a Th1 response
B cells present peptide to generate a Th2 response which will generate graft specific antibody
Th17 is generated and produces IL-17 for a chronic response (lots of IL-23 to promote this)
Which cytokines help promote the Th2 response in the lymph node?
IL4 and 21 - help produce alloantigen specific B-cell
What role do NK cells play in graft rejection?
try to kill graft right off the bat
What are the 4 important points summing up the cumulative effect of the graft rejection response?
1) activated macs mediate destruction
2) CD8 antigen specific graft cytolysis
3) Th17 mediated inflammation
4) antibody mediated, graft destruction by complement and/or Fc receptor activation of cell death mechanisms
What determines how severe the rejection to the graft is?
the ratio of Th1, Th2, Th17 cell activation countered by Tregs
Would a more dominant Th17 have a better or worse (more severe) response?
WORSE (recruits more neutrophils to the area)
Name 7 ways the immune system kills grafted tissue:
1) NK cytotoxicity against non-self MHC
2) NK antibody mediated cytotoxicity via Fc receptors (ADCC)
3) Th1 activated macrophage killing
4) Th1 amplified CD8 cytotoxicity
5) Th2 driven graft antibody
6) Complement mediated cytotoxicity
7) Th17 activation by DC
Hyperacute rejection is defined as __________ rejection, occurring within ___________ post transplantation.
accelerated; 48 hours
patient has pre-existing antibodies to graft (ex: antibodies to donor blood group antigens so antibodies bind vascular endothelium of graft, initiating inflammatory response that occludes blood vessel)
