Lecture 18: Male Reproductive Organs Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What are testes?
A
paired oval glands found in the Scrotum
2
Q
Where are testes forced?
A
formed in abdomen in fetus and in humans, the testes move to the scrotum from the pelvis during the last month of pregnancy or shortly after birth - low temp so sperm can survive
3
Q
What is Cryptorchidism?
A
When testes don’t descend
Cryotirchid individuals are Infertile and are at risk of Testicular cancer
4
Q
What is the progression of sperm?
A
- Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules then move –>
- into the Rete Testis, (an area where all seminiferous tubules join -single duct and collecting system –> after tube)–>
- into the epididymis single tube –>
- Vas deferens –>
- which then joins to the ejaculatory duct
5
Q
What ability to sperm acquire when they’re in the epididymis?
A
Sperm acquire the ability to be Motile and Fertilise while in the Epididymis
- when first in epididymis, sperm ARENT capable of swimming, more can they fertilise an egg (cannot use IVF)
- aquiring these abilities takes 10-14 days (motility + fertilisation)
6
Q
What second activity occurs in the epididymis?
A
Epididymiss also reabsorbs liquid from around sperm, make it More Concentrated
-dont swim, Pushed in fluid, Want in a smaller voume
7
Q
What is the reason for sperm to move into the Vas deferens?
A
Sperm move from the epidiyis –> vas deferens, where sperm may be stored for several months –> ejaculation - leak out
8
Q
What is the shape and size of the Vas deferens?
A
Vas Deferens =about a 45cm long convoluted tube
Runs form the epididymis, to p and around the bladder, then back down to join the ejaculatory duct (behind bladder)– lower pelvis
9
Q
What is the shape and size of the urethra?
A
Urethra is about 20cm long
rune from the bladder, through the prostate –> to the end of the penis
10
Q
What is the shape and size of the ampulla?
A
Widening of the Vas Deferens, near the ejaculating duct
is the Large site of Sperm Storage
11
Q
What are the two main male accessaory glands?
A
Seminal Vesicle
Prostate
12
Q
What are seminal vesicles?
A
accessory glands
are the secretory lgnads (NOT storage areas) that secrete a mucoid (sticky) substance
13
Q
What are the four things the mucoid (sticky) substance secreted by seminal vesicles contain?
A
Alkaline
Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting Proteins
14
Q
What is a feature of the Alkaline in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles?
A
Alkaline
High pH to neutralise acidity of the female reproductive tract (pH 4.5)
-need to buffer environment sperm are in?
15
Q
What does the Alkaline feature of the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?
A
buffer environment sperm will be in
16
Q
What is the pH of the female reproductive tract?
A
pH = 4.5
Acidic
17
Q
What does the Fructose in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?
A
energy source for sperm
18
Q
What does the Prostaglandins in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?
A
lipid hormones
which may include smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract to help sperm move up
19
Q
What does the Clotting Proteins in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?
A
similar to blood clotting proteins
when semen ejaculates, component of semen mix together and clot –> forms a Coagulant, sticks sperm to vagina, won’t be flushed out by mass flow.
With prostate fluid, forms coagulant which retains sperm in the female tract
20
Q
Where do the contents of the seminal vesicle empty into?
A
The contents of seminal vesicles empty into ejaculatory duct directly after sperm are ejected by Vas Deferens (last fluid secretion), Washed sperm down it , joins urthra at prostate
21
Q
What is the Prostate?
A
A doughnut shaped organ about the size of a golfball
22
Q
What is the relationship between the urethra and the prostate?
A
The urethra passes through the prostate, which secretes prostatic fluid into the urethra Ahead of sperm during ejaculation
- urethra passed through a hole in the prostate
- so you have 1. prostatic fluid 2. sperm 3. seminal vesicle fluid
23
Q
What is the order of fluid in ejaculate?
A
- Prostatic Fluid
- Sperm
- Seminal Vesicle Fluid
24
Q
Which fluid does the prostate secrete?
A
Prostatic fluid
25
What is the pH of prostatic fluid?
pH = 6.5 (slightly acidic)
| Acts as a buffer and neutralised by alkaline seminal vesicle fluid to some extent in semen
26
What does the Buffering capability/feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?
Seminal vesicle fluid(alkaline) and prostatic fluid (acidic)
| raises pH of vagina where the sperm needs to swim
27
What are the 4x main features of Prostatic fluid?
Slightly Acidic (pH 6.5)
Citrate
Milky colour
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
28
What does the Citrate feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?
Citrate for ATP
| acts as an energy source as can feed into the Kreb Cycle
29
What does the Milky colour feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?
Milky colour of prostatic fluid as it has Calcium and Phosphate
-NOT very soluble
30
What does the PSA Prostate Specific Antigen feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?
PSA is an enzyme which breaks down Coagulum and other Proteases, Releasing Sperm so that they Can Swim
Without PSA sperm will be Trapped, so it releases sperm so they can swim
31
What happens if there is No Prostate Specific Antigen (SPA) in Prostatic Fluid (which is secreted by the prostate)?
Sperm are trapped
| by coagulum and other proteases
32
What causes Sperm to be trapped?
semenCoagulum and other Proteases
| Lack of Prostate Specific Antigen
33
What is Ejaculated Fluid?
Semen
34
What is Semen/Ejaculate composed of?
Sperm (10%)
Seminal Vesicle Fluid (60%)
Prostatic Fluid (30%)
Other Secretions (small amount)
35
What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by sperm?
10%
36
What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by Seminal Vesicle Fluid?
60%
37
What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by Prostatic Fluid?
30%
38
What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by Other Secretions?
small amount
39
What is the pH of Semen?
pH 7.5
40
What is the pH of Ejaculate?
pH 7.5
41
What is the need reason for the pH of semen/ejaculated being 7.5?
Buffers against vagina's acidic pH
| Psotatic and seminal fluids neutralising each other
42
What is the volume of semen between species?
Semen varies greatly in volume between species
| volume of 2-5 ml, vs bear is 500mls
43
What is the Content of semen between species?
Semen varies greatly in contact between species
| normal human's ejaculate is 20 million sperm/ml
44
What is the average amount of sperm per mL for an average human male?
20 million sperm mL-1
45
How many main structures compose the Penis?
Penis has 3x main structures
46
What are the 3x main structures of the penis?
1. Corpora cavernosa (2x)
2. Corpus spongiosum
3. Penile Urethra
47
What is the Function of the Corpora Cavernosa (2x) as one of the three main structures in the penis?
Corpora Cavernosa (2x) is the main erectile tissue
48
What is the function of the Corpus Spongiosum as one of the three main structures in the penis?
Corpus Spongiosum surrounds the penile urethra and prevent occlusion during ejection
49
What is the function os the Penile Urethra as one of the three main structures in the penis?
Penile Urethra conducts the semen (and urine)
50
When does erection occur?
Erection occurs following sexual stimulation
51
What happens during ejection?
No bones in penis - hyhydraclic forces
Release of NO (endothelial cells of BV) and Prostaglandin E1 (all cells but RBS) cases smooth muscle of the corpus cavernous to RELAX (easy for flow of blood)
Penis enlarges and expands outwards and inwards
The engorgement of the corpora Reduces Venous outflow, adding to the engorgement - surrounding veins closed down
52
Do penises have bones?
no
53
What structure DONT penises have?
bones
| instead have hydraclic
54
What happens to the Corpus Cavernosa (main erectile tissue) during an erection?
Relaxes
55
What opens and closes in the penis?
Penile urethra CLOSES
| but the Corpus spongiosum also expands (blood) allowing urethra to remain open though penis is engorged
56
What happens to blood flow in a penis during an erection?
Blood fills the cavernous spaces of the corpora cavernous (as this erectile tissue is relaxed)
- erect penis has 8x BV of a flaccid penis?
57
What is the BV ratio between an erect and flaccid penis?
Erect: Flaccid
| 8x more BV : 1
58
What is another name for Viagra?
sildenafil citrate for impotency (ED) --> decrease NO
59
What does Viagra do?
Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the Corpora Cavernosa requires Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
-2nd messenger reduces intracelular calcium
-increase cGMP, increase Relaxation
The enzyme Phosphodiesterase breaks down GMP
Viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase (types isotoon) leading to increased intercellular GMP, relaxation of the arteries and blood structures supplying the corpora cavern and erection
60
What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
excess growth of the prostate
61
Is Benign prostatic hyperplasia life threatening?
no the excess growth of the prostate is not life threatening as the Banign is NOT a tumour
62
What occurs in Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
occludes and decreases diameter of urthra - prostate grows and as it reaches capsule, pressure goes inwards (shutting down prostatic urethra)
63
What does Benign prostatic hyperplasia result in?
Causes difficulty voiding bladder
causes weakening of bladder
can cause urinary infections, bladder and kidney problems (pyelonephritis)
64
What is another name for kidney problems?
pyelonephritis
65
What is the incidence of men requiring treatment in the USA for Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
aged 85 = 90% (most common)
66
What is the most common age bracket for benign prostatic hyperplasia?
above 85 (90%)
67
What is the treatment for Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Testosterone --> xx 5 alpha reductase xx --> dihydrotestosterone (2x potent) - reduces overgrowth
selective 5a-reductase inhibitions -finasteride - dutasteride
removing androgenis stimulus -taking away potency
-stops prostate enlarging or shrinking it
surgery
others
68
What is the rate of prostate cancer?
2nd most common cause of cancer deaths in men (after lung(1st))
--> 29% cancer cases in men in prostate cancer
69
What is the percentage of men who have cancer having prostate cancer?
29%
70
What intervention can occur for prostate cancer?
Detection of prostate cancer is increasingly dramatically
-due to PSA screenign (inacurate -->false +ve) look for protein in blood, if Elevated (early detection) --> at risk of prostate cancer. however deaths increasingly less dramatically due to
71
What is some information for autopsy cancer?
30% of mean above >50yrs have prostate cancer at autopsy
| 9.5% have been diagnoses with prostate cancer. 66% didn't know about the cancer
72
What are the 5 treatments for prostate cancer?
1. Watchful waiting
2. Androgen depeletion (5 areductase inhibitos (finasteride). Castration - physical of chemical to stop growth of testis. Inhibitors of androgen synthesis)
3. Inhibition of testosterone action - block androgen receptor
4. Surgery - prostatectomy: due to operation:
- 1% die, 20-80% erectile dysfunction, 4-21% urinary incontinence
5. others
73
What percent of people die from Prostatectomy?
As a result of the operation:
1% = death
20-80% = erectile dysfunction
4-21% = urinary incontinence
74
Where do the testes begin?
in the abdominal cavity
75
What is the descent of the testes?
abdominal cavity --> scrotum
76
What happens if testes remain in the abdominal cavity?
infertile
| condition called cryptorchidism
77
How many tubules are there in each testes?
80
| highly convoluted to create large SA
78
What are areas of sperm collection?
off sertoli cells --> Seminfierous testes --> rete testis --> epididymis --> vans deferens --> up urethra
79
Are sperm fully functional when they fall off sertoli cels?
no
they have the potential to be (morphologically)
but aren't actually
need to go through one more phase of maturation (in epididymis) -gain ability to be motile - gain ability to fertilise an egg
+ concentrated 100x (sucks liquid from around sperm, so can deliver max # sperm in smallest ejaculated -conserve energy and highest change of fertile)
80
How long does it take for a sperm to travel from head of epididyimis --> tail of epididymis
10-14 days
81
What abilities do the sperm gain as they pass through the epididymis?
ability to swim (motile)
| ability to be able to fertilise an egg
82
What would you find if you were byopsying an epididymis?
end of vas deferens sperm are swimming
83
When do sperm swim?
NOT in the testicles
84
What is the primary site of sperm storage in humans?
Vas deferen
85
how long is the vas deferens?
```
45 cm
allows huge amount of sperm to be stored
Ampulla = widening= huge area for sperm storage
Single tubule
Doesn't take the direct route
```
86
Do seminal vesicles store sperm?
NO
they are secretory glands
produce part of the fluid of semen
87
What is the last connecting duct in the reproductive tract?
urethra
88
Where does the urethra begin?
at the bladder
| for conducting urine
89
Is the rete testis inside or outside the testes?
inside
90
How do and how long is movement in the vas deferens?
via muscular contractions
| slow movement --> towards ampulla
91
What is close to the ejaculatory duct?
Ampulla - the main site of sperm storage
| allows sperm to join ejaculate
92
Where does sperm get their energy from?
mostly outside the sperm itself
| fructose from seminal vesicle secreation
93
What are lipid signalling molecules in seminal vesicles?
Prostaglandins
causes smooth muscle contractions of the female reproductive tract
AFTER semen is deposited
-helps with sperm migration
94
Where do clotting proteins from?
seminal vesicle fluid
| sticks fluid into female reproductive tracts
95
What is the size of a prostate?
golf ball
96
What shape is the prostate?
American Doughnut shaped
| hole in middle = for urethra
97
Are the contents of the semen mixed in the reproductive tract?
NO
they're only mixed upon order of squirting out during ejaculation
(order pushed though ejaculatory duct) (pf -->sperm--> svf)
98
what happens if the seminal contents were mixed in the reproductive tract?
problems with coagullan
99
Which secretions have a high pH?
Clear Alkaline seminal vesicle fluid
100
What colour is prostatic fluid?
gives semen its characteristic colour
| Calcium and phosphate
101
How long does it take PSA to break down coagullum?
10 min
102
What is the largest component of ejaculate?
Seminal Vescile fluid = 60%
103
What is the third laargest component (out of four) of ejaculate?
Semen = 10%
104
What composes 30% of ejaculate?
Prostatic fluid
| -first to enter
105
Why is the seminal Vesicle Fluid the last to be ejaculated?
makes up the greatest proportion (60%) of ejaculate
| to push semen just ahead of it, through the female reproductive tract
106
Where does semen mix?
first in the reproductive tract
107
What things buffer each other in the reproductive tract?
Seminal vesicle fluid = high pH = alkaline
| Prostatic fluid = acidic= low pH
108
What is the ejaculate volume of a boar male?
500mL
109
What doesn't the human penis contain?
Penis DOESNT contain any SOLID structures
110
What are the two structures mainly responsible for erection?
corpora cavernosa x2
111
What passes through the centres of the penis and centre of the corpus spongiosum?
urethra
112
What does the corpus cavernosa do during an erection?
```
EXPAND out towards fascure
and inwards (expands in all directions)
```
113
Where does the ejaculate have to pass through?
penile urethra
114
What replaces the function of the absence of solid structures in the penis?
Hydraulic forces
115
What does ejaculated run into initially and why?
a collapsed corpora cavernosa
due to hydraulic forces going in all directions (inwards and outwards)
saved by corpus spongeosum (blown up by blood flow- like a tyre)
116
What happens during ejaculation?
corpus cavernosa fills with blood
| vaso relaxants causing penis to become erect
117
What does the filling of blood results in during ejaculation?
8x more blood than in a flaccid
Stretches, to cause the walls o`f the balloon to become more pliable (relaxation)
NO and prostaglandin
118
What instigates the relaxation during erection?
NO
Prsotaglandins
allows more blood to flow into the cavities of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
119
Where is the corpus spongiosum located?
completes surrounds the penile urethra (which is directly in the middle)
120
Where are corpora cavernous located?
2x
| so either side of the corpus spongiosum
121
What is the chemical name for viagra?
sildenafil citrate
122
What is viagra used for?
erectile disfunction
| -helps achieve erection
123
What does erection of the corpora cavernosa in particular require?
relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpora cavernous
cGMP
(Guanosine Monophosophate)
124
What is Guanosine Monophosphate?
cGMP in corpora cavernosa
| = second messenger, controls regulates/REDUCES intracellular calcium levels
125
What is GMP?
= cGMP
| Guanosine Monophosphate in Corpora cavernose
126
What is the enzyme which breaks down corpus cavernosa Guanosine Monophosphate?
Phosphodiesterase
| particularily type 5 isoform
127
What does viagra do?
Inhibits the breakdown of type 5 enzyme of Phosphodiesterase
128
What occurs due to the presence of viagra?
Increase in intracellular cGMP (less broken down by type 5 isoform of phosphodiesterase due to its INHIBITION)
Increased relaxation - arteries and blood structures
=Overall increased supply
129
What is the role of cGMP on blood vessels?
vasodilator
130
What is other uses of Viagra?
dilator of smooth muscle tissues in pregnancy
131
What is the similarity between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate cancer?
"prostatic"
| both effect the prostate gland
132
What does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia suggest?
Benign = unharmful
Prostatic = prostate
Hyperplasia =over growth
donut shaped prostate enlarging (over growth) but isn't harmful
-since donut shaped it can only go outwards so far- if continues to enlarge, it needs to grow Inwards, which will eventually occlude urine at top of prostatic urethra
133
What sort of problems does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia result in?
unable for urine to get from blassed
weakenign of bladder
ASCENDING urinary tract infection
--> pilinary frightes infection if really bad
134
How prevalent is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
really prevalent
almost all men over 85
5th of population have BPH which requires treatment by age of 60
135
What is a common treatment for BHP?
trans urethral resection fo prostate (corrective surgery)
136
What is a chemical treatment for BPH?
finasteride
duterasteride
IHIBITS 5aR
-leaves with testosterone which is 50% less potent
causes prostate to stop growing and shrink
137
What produces dihydrotestosterone?
5 alpha reductase
| converts from testosterone
138
Which androgen is more prevalent ad what effect does this have?
testosterone va 5a dihydrotestosterone
| 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone -more prevalent and 50% more potent = stimulates overgrowth
139
What does chemical treatment for BPH result in?
stoop growth of prostate (esp inwards)
| and hopefully shrinkage
140
Is BPH life threatening?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
| Not normally life threatening
141
How do you detect Prostate cancer?
look for levels of PSA
| this increases the detection dramatically
142
What is prostatic cancer complicated by?
Autopsy cancer
143
What happens with autopsy cancer?
50+yrs, 50% have prostatic cancer
| only a 10th knew they had cancer, not bothering them enough to go see doctor (don't have enough symptoms)
144
What is prostatic cancer like in many people?
In many cases prostatic cancer is a really benign disease
| -men die from another case without even knowing they had the disease (don't have enough symptoms to know)
145
What are the treatments for Prostate cancer?
watchful waiting
Androgen depletion
Inhibition of testosterone action
Prostatectomy surgery
146
What is the benefit of PSA screening?
out of 1000 men, 136 return positive, 95 false positive, therefore only 41 actually with prostate cancer
Hight FALSE Pos
147
What is the benefits of Prostatectomy?
Out of 100 men (%)
1 die from procedural/anaesthetic complicate
20-80 have erectile dysfunction as a result
4 - 21 have urinary incontenance as a result
148
Should we screen for prostate cancer?
Only really occurs in older men, and benign in most men who die earlier without knowing
vs complications of prostatectomy surgery
Once you have screened about it what do you have to do?
No not quite appropriate
