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MedSci142 > Lecture 18: Male Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Male Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are testes?

A

paired oval glands found in the Scrotum

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2
Q

Where are testes forced?

A

formed in abdomen in fetus and in humans, the testes move to the scrotum from the pelvis during the last month of pregnancy or shortly after birth - low temp so sperm can survive

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3
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

When testes don’t descend

Cryotirchid individuals are Infertile and are at risk of Testicular cancer

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4
Q

What is the progression of sperm?

A
  1. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules then move –>
  2. into the Rete Testis, (an area where all seminiferous tubules join -single duct and collecting system –> after tube)–>
  3. into the epididymis single tube –>
  4. Vas deferens –>
  5. which then joins to the ejaculatory duct
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5
Q

What ability to sperm acquire when they’re in the epididymis?

A

Sperm acquire the ability to be Motile and Fertilise while in the Epididymis

  • when first in epididymis, sperm ARENT capable of swimming, more can they fertilise an egg (cannot use IVF)
  • aquiring these abilities takes 10-14 days (motility + fertilisation)
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6
Q

What second activity occurs in the epididymis?

A

Epididymiss also reabsorbs liquid from around sperm, make it More Concentrated
-dont swim, Pushed in fluid, Want in a smaller voume

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7
Q

What is the reason for sperm to move into the Vas deferens?

A

Sperm move from the epidiyis –> vas deferens, where sperm may be stored for several months –> ejaculation - leak out

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8
Q

What is the shape and size of the Vas deferens?

A

Vas Deferens =about a 45cm long convoluted tube
Runs form the epididymis, to p and around the bladder, then back down to join the ejaculatory duct (behind bladder)– lower pelvis

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9
Q

What is the shape and size of the urethra?

A

Urethra is about 20cm long

rune from the bladder, through the prostate –> to the end of the penis

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10
Q

What is the shape and size of the ampulla?

A

Widening of the Vas Deferens, near the ejaculating duct

is the Large site of Sperm Storage

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11
Q

What are the two main male accessaory glands?

A

Seminal Vesicle

Prostate

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12
Q

What are seminal vesicles?

A

accessory glands

are the secretory lgnads (NOT storage areas) that secrete a mucoid (sticky) substance

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13
Q

What are the four things the mucoid (sticky) substance secreted by seminal vesicles contain?

A

Alkaline
Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting Proteins

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14
Q

What is a feature of the Alkaline in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

Alkaline
High pH to neutralise acidity of the female reproductive tract (pH 4.5)
-need to buffer environment sperm are in?

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15
Q

What does the Alkaline feature of the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?

A

buffer environment sperm will be in

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16
Q

What is the pH of the female reproductive tract?

A

pH = 4.5

Acidic

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17
Q

What does the Fructose in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?

A

energy source for sperm

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18
Q

What does the Prostaglandins in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?

A

lipid hormones

which may include smooth muscle contractions in the female reproductive tract to help sperm move up

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19
Q

What does the Clotting Proteins in the Mucoid (sticky) fluid that is secreted by the seminal vesicles add?

A

similar to blood clotting proteins
when semen ejaculates, component of semen mix together and clot –> forms a Coagulant, sticks sperm to vagina, won’t be flushed out by mass flow.
With prostate fluid, forms coagulant which retains sperm in the female tract

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20
Q

Where do the contents of the seminal vesicle empty into?

A

The contents of seminal vesicles empty into ejaculatory duct directly after sperm are ejected by Vas Deferens (last fluid secretion), Washed sperm down it , joins urthra at prostate

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21
Q

What is the Prostate?

A

A doughnut shaped organ about the size of a golfball

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22
Q

What is the relationship between the urethra and the prostate?

A

The urethra passes through the prostate, which secretes prostatic fluid into the urethra Ahead of sperm during ejaculation

  • urethra passed through a hole in the prostate
  • so you have 1. prostatic fluid 2. sperm 3. seminal vesicle fluid
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23
Q

What is the order of fluid in ejaculate?

A
  1. Prostatic Fluid
  2. Sperm
  3. Seminal Vesicle Fluid
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24
Q

Which fluid does the prostate secrete?

A

Prostatic fluid

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25
Q

What is the pH of prostatic fluid?

A

pH = 6.5 (slightly acidic)

Acts as a buffer and neutralised by alkaline seminal vesicle fluid to some extent in semen

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26
Q

What does the Buffering capability/feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?

A

Seminal vesicle fluid(alkaline) and prostatic fluid (acidic)

raises pH of vagina where the sperm needs to swim

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27
Q

What are the 4x main features of Prostatic fluid?

A

Slightly Acidic (pH 6.5)
Citrate
Milky colour
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

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28
Q

What does the Citrate feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?

A

Citrate for ATP

acts as an energy source as can feed into the Kreb Cycle

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29
Q

What does the Milky colour feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?

A

Milky colour of prostatic fluid as it has Calcium and Phosphate
-NOT very soluble

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30
Q

What does the PSA Prostate Specific Antigen feature of Prostatic fluid that is secreted by the prostate prostate add?

A

PSA is an enzyme which breaks down Coagulum and other Proteases, Releasing Sperm so that they Can Swim
Without PSA sperm will be Trapped, so it releases sperm so they can swim

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31
Q

What happens if there is No Prostate Specific Antigen (SPA) in Prostatic Fluid (which is secreted by the prostate)?

A

Sperm are trapped

by coagulum and other proteases

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32
Q

What causes Sperm to be trapped?

A

semenCoagulum and other Proteases

Lack of Prostate Specific Antigen

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33
Q

What is Ejaculated Fluid?

A

Semen

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34
Q

What is Semen/Ejaculate composed of?

A

Sperm (10%)
Seminal Vesicle Fluid (60%)
Prostatic Fluid (30%)
Other Secretions (small amount)

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35
Q

What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by sperm?

A

10%

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36
Q

What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by Seminal Vesicle Fluid?

A

60%

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37
Q

What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by Prostatic Fluid?

A

30%

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38
Q

What proportion of semen/ejaculated is take up by Other Secretions?

A

small amount

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39
Q

What is the pH of Semen?

A

pH 7.5

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40
Q

What is the pH of Ejaculate?

A

pH 7.5

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41
Q

What is the need reason for the pH of semen/ejaculated being 7.5?

A

Buffers against vagina’s acidic pH

Psotatic and seminal fluids neutralising each other

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42
Q

What is the volume of semen between species?

A

Semen varies greatly in volume between species

volume of 2-5 ml, vs bear is 500mls

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43
Q

What is the Content of semen between species?

A

Semen varies greatly in contact between species

normal human’s ejaculate is 20 million sperm/ml

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44
Q

What is the average amount of sperm per mL for an average human male?

A

20 million sperm mL-1

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45
Q

How many main structures compose the Penis?

A

Penis has 3x main structures

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46
Q

What are the 3x main structures of the penis?

A
  1. Corpora cavernosa (2x)
  2. Corpus spongiosum
  3. Penile Urethra
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47
Q

What is the Function of the Corpora Cavernosa (2x) as one of the three main structures in the penis?

A

Corpora Cavernosa (2x) is the main erectile tissue

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48
Q

What is the function of the Corpus Spongiosum as one of the three main structures in the penis?

A

Corpus Spongiosum surrounds the penile urethra and prevent occlusion during ejection

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49
Q

What is the function os the Penile Urethra as one of the three main structures in the penis?

A

Penile Urethra conducts the semen (and urine)

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50
Q

When does erection occur?

A

Erection occurs following sexual stimulation

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51
Q

What happens during ejection?

A

No bones in penis - hyhydraclic forces
Release of NO (endothelial cells of BV) and Prostaglandin E1 (all cells but RBS) cases smooth muscle of the corpus cavernous to RELAX (easy for flow of blood)
Penis enlarges and expands outwards and inwards
The engorgement of the corpora Reduces Venous outflow, adding to the engorgement - surrounding veins closed down

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52
Q

Do penises have bones?

A

no

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53
Q

What structure DONT penises have?

A

bones

instead have hydraclic

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54
Q

What happens to the Corpus Cavernosa (main erectile tissue) during an erection?

A

Relaxes

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55
Q

What opens and closes in the penis?

A

Penile urethra CLOSES

but the Corpus spongiosum also expands (blood) allowing urethra to remain open though penis is engorged

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56
Q

What happens to blood flow in a penis during an erection?

A

Blood fills the cavernous spaces of the corpora cavernous (as this erectile tissue is relaxed)
- erect penis has 8x BV of a flaccid penis?

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57
Q

What is the BV ratio between an erect and flaccid penis?

A

Erect: Flaccid

8x more BV : 1

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58
Q

What is another name for Viagra?

A

sildenafil citrate for impotency (ED) –> decrease NO

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59
Q

What does Viagra do?

A

Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the Corpora Cavernosa requires Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
-2nd messenger reduces intracelular calcium
-increase cGMP, increase Relaxation
The enzyme Phosphodiesterase breaks down GMP
Viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase (types isotoon) leading to increased intercellular GMP, relaxation of the arteries and blood structures supplying the corpora cavern and erection

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60
Q

What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

excess growth of the prostate

61
Q

Is Benign prostatic hyperplasia life threatening?

A

no the excess growth of the prostate is not life threatening as the Banign is NOT a tumour

62
Q

What occurs in Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

occludes and decreases diameter of urthra - prostate grows and as it reaches capsule, pressure goes inwards (shutting down prostatic urethra)

63
Q

What does Benign prostatic hyperplasia result in?

A

Causes difficulty voiding bladder
causes weakening of bladder
can cause urinary infections, bladder and kidney problems (pyelonephritis)

64
Q

What is another name for kidney problems?

A

pyelonephritis

65
Q

What is the incidence of men requiring treatment in the USA for Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

aged 85 = 90% (most common)

66
Q

What is the most common age bracket for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

above 85 (90%)

67
Q

What is the treatment for Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Testosterone –> xx 5 alpha reductase xx –> dihydrotestosterone (2x potent) - reduces overgrowth
selective 5a-reductase inhibitions -finasteride - dutasteride
removing androgenis stimulus -taking away potency
-stops prostate enlarging or shrinking it
surgery
others

68
Q

What is the rate of prostate cancer?

A

2nd most common cause of cancer deaths in men (after lung(1st))
–> 29% cancer cases in men in prostate cancer

69
Q

What is the percentage of men who have cancer having prostate cancer?

A

29%

70
Q

What intervention can occur for prostate cancer?

A

Detection of prostate cancer is increasingly dramatically
-due to PSA screenign (inacurate –>false +ve) look for protein in blood, if Elevated (early detection) –> at risk of prostate cancer. however deaths increasingly less dramatically due to

71
Q

What is some information for autopsy cancer?

A

30% of mean above >50yrs have prostate cancer at autopsy

9.5% have been diagnoses with prostate cancer. 66% didn’t know about the cancer

72
Q

What are the 5 treatments for prostate cancer?

A
  1. Watchful waiting
  2. Androgen depeletion (5 areductase inhibitos (finasteride). Castration - physical of chemical to stop growth of testis. Inhibitors of androgen synthesis)
  3. Inhibition of testosterone action - block androgen receptor
  4. Surgery - prostatectomy: due to operation:
    - 1% die, 20-80% erectile dysfunction, 4-21% urinary incontinence
  5. others
73
Q

What percent of people die from Prostatectomy?

A

As a result of the operation:
1% = death
20-80% = erectile dysfunction
4-21% = urinary incontinence

74
Q

Where do the testes begin?

A

in the abdominal cavity

75
Q

What is the descent of the testes?

A

abdominal cavity –> scrotum

76
Q

What happens if testes remain in the abdominal cavity?

A

infertile

condition called cryptorchidism

77
Q

How many tubules are there in each testes?

A

80

highly convoluted to create large SA

78
Q

What are areas of sperm collection?

A

off sertoli cells –> Seminfierous testes –> rete testis –> epididymis –> vans deferens –> up urethra

79
Q

Are sperm fully functional when they fall off sertoli cels?

A

no
they have the potential to be (morphologically)
but aren’t actually
need to go through one more phase of maturation (in epididymis) -gain ability to be motile - gain ability to fertilise an egg
+ concentrated 100x (sucks liquid from around sperm, so can deliver max # sperm in smallest ejaculated -conserve energy and highest change of fertile)

80
Q

How long does it take for a sperm to travel from head of epididyimis –> tail of epididymis

A

10-14 days

81
Q

What abilities do the sperm gain as they pass through the epididymis?

A

ability to swim (motile)

ability to be able to fertilise an egg

82
Q

What would you find if you were byopsying an epididymis?

A

end of vas deferens sperm are swimming

83
Q

When do sperm swim?

A

NOT in the testicles

84
Q

What is the primary site of sperm storage in humans?

A

Vas deferen

85
Q

how long is the vas deferens?

A 
45 cm
allows huge amount of sperm to be stored
Ampulla = widening= huge area for sperm storage
Single tubule
Doesn't take the direct route
86
Q

Do seminal vesicles store sperm?

A

NO
they are secretory glands
produce part of the fluid of semen

87
Q

What is the last connecting duct in the reproductive tract?

A

urethra

88
Q

Where does the urethra begin?

A

at the bladder

for conducting urine

89
Q

Is the rete testis inside or outside the testes?

A

inside

90
Q

How do and how long is movement in the vas deferens?

A

via muscular contractions

slow movement –> towards ampulla

91
Q

What is close to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Ampulla - the main site of sperm storage

allows sperm to join ejaculate

92
Q

Where does sperm get their energy from?

A

mostly outside the sperm itself

fructose from seminal vesicle secreation

93
Q

What are lipid signalling molecules in seminal vesicles?

A

Prostaglandins
causes smooth muscle contractions of the female reproductive tract
AFTER semen is deposited
-helps with sperm migration

94
Q

Where do clotting proteins from?

A

seminal vesicle fluid

sticks fluid into female reproductive tracts

95
Q

What is the size of a prostate?

A

golf ball

96
Q

What shape is the prostate?

A

American Doughnut shaped

hole in middle = for urethra

97
Q

Are the contents of the semen mixed in the reproductive tract?

A

NO
they’re only mixed upon order of squirting out during ejaculation
(order pushed though ejaculatory duct) (pf –>sperm–> svf)

98
Q

what happens if the seminal contents were mixed in the reproductive tract?

A

problems with coagullan

99
Q

Which secretions have a high pH?

A

Clear Alkaline seminal vesicle fluid

100
Q

What colour is prostatic fluid?

A

gives semen its characteristic colour

Calcium and phosphate

101
Q

How long does it take PSA to break down coagullum?

A

10 min

102
Q

What is the largest component of ejaculate?

A

Seminal Vescile fluid = 60%

103
Q

What is the third laargest component (out of four) of ejaculate?

A

Semen = 10%

104
Q

What composes 30% of ejaculate?

A

Prostatic fluid

-first to enter

105
Q

Why is the seminal Vesicle Fluid the last to be ejaculated?

A

makes up the greatest proportion (60%) of ejaculate

to push semen just ahead of it, through the female reproductive tract

106
Q

Where does semen mix?

A

first in the reproductive tract

107
Q

What things buffer each other in the reproductive tract?

A

Seminal vesicle fluid = high pH = alkaline

Prostatic fluid = acidic= low pH

108
Q

What is the ejaculate volume of a boar male?

A

500mL

109
Q

What doesn’t the human penis contain?

A

Penis DOESNT contain any SOLID structures

110
Q

What are the two structures mainly responsible for erection?

A

corpora cavernosa x2

111
Q

What passes through the centres of the penis and centre of the corpus spongiosum?

A

urethra

112
Q

What does the corpus cavernosa do during an erection?

A 
EXPAND out towards fascure
and inwards (expands in all directions)
113
Q

Where does the ejaculate have to pass through?

A

penile urethra

114
Q

What replaces the function of the absence of solid structures in the penis?

A

Hydraulic forces

115
Q

What does ejaculated run into initially and why?

A

a collapsed corpora cavernosa
due to hydraulic forces going in all directions (inwards and outwards)
saved by corpus spongeosum (blown up by blood flow- like a tyre)

116
Q

What happens during ejaculation?

A

corpus cavernosa fills with blood

vaso relaxants causing penis to become erect

117
Q

What does the filling of blood results in during ejaculation?

A

8x more blood than in a flaccid
Stretches, to cause the walls o`f the balloon to become more pliable (relaxation)
NO and prostaglandin

118
Q

What instigates the relaxation during erection?

A

NO
Prsotaglandins
allows more blood to flow into the cavities of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

119
Q

Where is the corpus spongiosum located?

A

completes surrounds the penile urethra (which is directly in the middle)

120
Q

Where are corpora cavernous located?

A

2x

so either side of the corpus spongiosum

121
Q

What is the chemical name for viagra?

A

sildenafil citrate

122
Q

What is viagra used for?

A

erectile disfunction

-helps achieve erection

123
Q

What does erection of the corpora cavernosa in particular require?

A

relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpora cavernous
cGMP
(Guanosine Monophosophate)

124
Q

What is Guanosine Monophosphate?

A

cGMP in corpora cavernosa

= second messenger, controls regulates/REDUCES intracellular calcium levels

125
Q

What is GMP?

A

= cGMP

Guanosine Monophosphate in Corpora cavernose

126
Q

What is the enzyme which breaks down corpus cavernosa Guanosine Monophosphate?

A

Phosphodiesterase

particularily type 5 isoform

127
Q

What does viagra do?

A

Inhibits the breakdown of type 5 enzyme of Phosphodiesterase

128
Q

What occurs due to the presence of viagra?

A

Increase in intracellular cGMP (less broken down by type 5 isoform of phosphodiesterase due to its INHIBITION)
Increased relaxation - arteries and blood structures
=Overall increased supply

129
Q

What is the role of cGMP on blood vessels?

A

vasodilator

130
Q

What is other uses of Viagra?

A

dilator of smooth muscle tissues in pregnancy

131
Q

What is the similarity between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate cancer?

A

“prostatic”

both effect the prostate gland

132
Q

What does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia suggest?

A

Benign = unharmful
Prostatic = prostate
Hyperplasia =over growth

donut shaped prostate enlarging (over growth) but isn’t harmful
-since donut shaped it can only go outwards so far- if continues to enlarge, it needs to grow Inwards, which will eventually occlude urine at top of prostatic urethra

133
Q

What sort of problems does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia result in?

A

unable for urine to get from blassed
weakenign of bladder
ASCENDING urinary tract infection
–> pilinary frightes infection if really bad

134
Q

How prevalent is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?

A

really prevalent
almost all men over 85
5th of population have BPH which requires treatment by age of 60

135
Q

What is a common treatment for BHP?

A

trans urethral resection fo prostate (corrective surgery)

136
Q

What is a chemical treatment for BPH?

A

finasteride
duterasteride
IHIBITS 5aR
-leaves with testosterone which is 50% less potent
causes prostate to stop growing and shrink

137
Q

What produces dihydrotestosterone?

A

5 alpha reductase

converts from testosterone

138
Q

Which androgen is more prevalent ad what effect does this have?

A

testosterone va 5a dihydrotestosterone

5 alpha dihydrotestosterone -more prevalent and 50% more potent = stimulates overgrowth

139
Q

What does chemical treatment for BPH result in?

A

stoop growth of prostate (esp inwards)

and hopefully shrinkage

140
Q

Is BPH life threatening?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Not normally life threatening

141
Q

How do you detect Prostate cancer?

A

look for levels of PSA

this increases the detection dramatically

142
Q

What is prostatic cancer complicated by?

A

Autopsy cancer

143
Q

What happens with autopsy cancer?

A

50+yrs, 50% have prostatic cancer

only a 10th knew they had cancer, not bothering them enough to go see doctor (don’t have enough symptoms)

144
Q

What is prostatic cancer like in many people?

A

In many cases prostatic cancer is a really benign disease

-men die from another case without even knowing they had the disease (don’t have enough symptoms to know)

145
Q

What are the treatments for Prostate cancer?

A

watchful waiting
Androgen depletion
Inhibition of testosterone action
Prostatectomy surgery

146
Q

What is the benefit of PSA screening?

A

out of 1000 men, 136 return positive, 95 false positive, therefore only 41 actually with prostate cancer
Hight FALSE Pos

147
Q

What is the benefits of Prostatectomy?

A

Out of 100 men (%)
1 die from procedural/anaesthetic complicate
20-80 have erectile dysfunction as a result
4 - 21 have urinary incontenance as a result

148
Q

Should we screen for prostate cancer?

A

Only really occurs in older men, and benign in most men who die earlier without knowing
vs complications of prostatectomy surgery
Once you have screened about it what do you have to do?
No not quite appropriate

MedSci142 (20 decks)

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