Lecture 18- Nicotine 2 Flashcards
(19 cards)
How does Nicotine help when testing exposure models?
Nicotine offers a legal way to study substance addiction and can be administered in tablet form.
What is habitual usage of nicotine?
Behaviour becomes automatic, triggered by cues
What are the 3 theories involved in Habitual usage?
-Stimulus-response theory -Incentive salience theory -Outcome devaluation studies
What is goal directed usage?
Behaviour is deliberate based on expected value of outcomes
What is the theory involved in goal directed usage?
Expectancy theory
What is stimulus response habit?
-Drug associated cues and contexts acquire the capacity to motivate drug seeking and taking behaviour. -Pavlovian conditioning
What does stimulus response habit suggest?
Suggests the addict is a ‘machine’ in which behaviour is automatically controlled by external cues w/o thought of consequence.
How does stimulus response habit work?
Drug-induced dopamine activity reinforces the synaptic connection between drug cues and the drug-seeking response that produced the drug which means the drug cues elicit the drug seeking response directly
What are the 3 phases of outcome devaluation?
Instrumental training
Outcome devaluation
Extinction test
What is Instrumental training?
(outcome devaluation)
Rats are trained to press a lever to receive food pellets.
(Establishes a goal-directed action-outcome association)
What is outcome devaluation (phase 2)?
In a different environment, rats are given free access to the same food until they are satiated. (Reduces the current value of the food outcome)
What is extinction test?
Rats are placed back in the original context and allowed to press the lever, but no food is delivered.
(Measures whether lever pressing persists despite devaluation)
What is the interpretation of exctinction test if responding decreases?
Behaviour is goal-directed: Controlled by an outcome representation, animals adjust their actions based on the current value of the outcome.
What is the interpretation of extinction test if responding persists?
Behaviour has become habitual: Controlled by stimulus-response (S-R) associations, responding is insensitive to changes in outcome value.
What does incentive salience theory propose?
-Proposes that drug cues acquire the capacity to capture attention.
-Attention results in engagement of thoughts about drug which causes initiation of drug seeking.
How does the incentive salience theory work?
Suggests addiction is driven by pleasure and motivation to seek drugs.
-Overtime drug related cues become sensitised and trigger strong wanting which explains why people continue to seek drugs even if no longer enjoy.
What is the expectancy theory?
Behaviour is goal directed driven by learned beliefs about outcomes.
-Pavlovian stimuli elicit conditioned response when activate a mental representation.
How does Hogarth et al (2006) support expectancy theory?
Smokers divided into 2 groups based on awareness of stimulus outcome contingencies. Found higher expectancy rating and seeking response for positive stimuli (A+), but only in aware group.
What is the cognitive model?
As there is no perfect correlation found between craving and drug use, it suggests drug users can switch between intentional and automatic behavioural control.
