Lecture 19

Question 1

embryology

Answer 1

the study of development between fertilization and birth

Question 1

development

Answer 1

slow processes of progressive change in an organism

Question 2

is all developmental biology embryology

Answer 2

NO

Question 3

what is the interface of the genotype and the phenotype

Answer 3

development

Question 4

all organism arise from a

Answer 4

single cell

Question 5

what gives rise to many different cell types, each with a different structure and corresponding function

Answer 5

the single cell

Question 6

embryonic development results from three interrelated processes

Answer 6

cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogensis

Question 7

genomic equivalence

Answer 7

all cells in the zygote have the same genome

Question 8

differentiation results from

Answer 8

differential gene expression

Question 9

how do you make differnent genes from the same cell

Answer 9

differential gene expression

Question 10

genomic equivalence

Answer 10

indicates that cells need to regulate their genome during development

Question 11

cleavage is a

Answer 11

type of mitosis

Question 12

the goal of mitosis is to

Answer 12

make identical daughter cells

Question 13

cleavage is mitosis without

Answer 13

growth

Question 14

what is the goal of cleavage

Answer 14

to kick start cell differentiation, polarized oocytes differentially localize mRNAs and protein, and maternal determinants

Question 15

polarized oocytes differentially localize

Answer 15

mRNAs and proteins

Question 16

cis-regulatory elements are regions of

Answer 16

non-coding DNA

Question 17

where are cis-regulatory elements found

Answer 17

in the vicinity of the genes they regulate

Question 18

how do cis-regulatory elements regulate gene expression

Answer 18

by binding to transcription factors

Question 19

cis-regulatory elements include

Answer 19

promoters, enhancers, silencers, insulators

Question 20

epigenetic

Answer 20

modifications of the genome but you are not mutating it, just changing the chemistry

Question 21

what base pair usually get methylated

Answer 21

cytosine and adenines but most often cytosine

Question 22

what is methylation

Answer 22

methyl groups can be added to DNA sequences to modify expression

Question 23

CpG Islands

Answer 23

methylated regions of vertebrate genome

Question 24

what are CpG often used as

Answer 24

a signal to methylate the region

Question 25

where do you often see CG repeats

Answer 25

in the promoter

Question 26

alternative RNA splicing

Answer 26

a single gene can encode multiple products

Question 27

splicing enhancers

Answer 27

promote the assembly of the spliceosome at specific intron/exon boundaries

Question 28

splicing enhancers act like

Answer 28

cis-regulatory proteins

Question 29

do ribosomes work with all genes

Answer 29

no there is ribosomal selectivity

Question 30

what are gene regulatory networks

Answer 30

a set of genes, proteins, mRNAs

Question 31

what do gene regulatory networks do

Answer 31

interact to control a specific function and controls transcription and cell signaling

Question 32

structure of a GRN

Answer 32

nodes represent genes/proteins/ mRNAs

Question 33

edges represent

Answer 33

interactions between the nodes

Question 34

GRNs control

Answer 34

animal development

Question 35

what do GRNs regulate

Answer 35

the expression of thousands of genes

Question 36

can GRNs be homologous

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

maternal effect

Answer 37

offspring's phenotype of particular trait under control of mother's nuclear gene products present in egg

Question 38

nuclear genes of female gamete are transcribed and genetics products accumulate in

Answer 38

egg ooplasm

Question 39

what is significant for formation of organs

Answer 39

stem cells

Question 40

stem cells are important for maintaining tissue what throughout adult life

Answer 40

homeostasis

Question 41

mis-regulation of stem cells is linked to

Answer 41

multiple cancers

Question 42

understanding the biology of stem cells is transforming

Answer 42

modern medicine

Question 43

what is a stem cell

Answer 43

it gives a rise to differnetiated cells through cell division while maintaining its steminess

Question 44

steminess means

Answer 44

self renewal

Question 45

stem cells can exist in what state

Answer 45

quiescence state

Question 46

what is quiescence state

Answer 46

a dormant non-proliferative- think of as reserves

Question 47

potency

Answer 47

the degree of different cell types a stem cell can generate

Question 48

totipotent

Answer 48

cell can make anything

Question 49

what cells are totipotent in humans

Answer 49

first 4-8

Question 50

pluripotent

Answer 50

can make a few different cell types

Question 51

multipotent

Answer 51

when the stem cells only produce the cell types in the tissue in which they reside

Question 52

what type of potency is most adult stem cells

Answer 52

multipotent

Question 53

symmetric cell division

Answer 53

results in either the production of two identical stem cells, or two cells that are committed to differentiate

Question 54

asymmetric cell division

Answer 54

results in a stem cell, and one that is ready to differentiate

Question 55

what stabilizes the stem cell pool

Answer 55

asymetric cell division

Question 56

what is asymmetric cell division called

Answer 56

single stem cell asymmetry

Question 57

population asymmetry

Answer 57

some stem cells are more prone to make cells to differnetiate, while others are prone to make more stem cells

Question 58

embryonic pluripotent stem cells

Answer 58

shortened G1 and G0 is absent

Question 59

as cells differentiates the G1 and G2 phases

Answer 59

lengthen

Question 60

at what phase are cells more sensitive to differentiate

Answer 60

G1 phase

Question 61

what cyclin is always on to maintain potency

Answer 61

cyclin e

Question 62

no oscillatory expression of

Answer 62

cyclins or CDKs

Question 63

allows for the direct transition from M to Late G1 which is

Answer 63

shortened

Question 64

what is also characterized by a non-function G1 checkpoint

Answer 64

ESCs

Question 65

what is an area of tissue that provides a specific microenvironment, in which stem cells are present in an undiffernetiated and self-renewable state

Answer 65

niche

Question 66

cells of the stem-cell niche interact with the stem cells to

Answer 66

maintain them or promote their differentiation