Lecture 19 senses

Question 1

What senses are part of Chemoreception?

Answer 1

smell

taste

Question 2

What senses are part of Mechanoreception?

Answer 2

Touch
Proprioception
Lateral line system
Balance

Question 3

What is the threshold membrane voltage?

Answer 3

Voltage at which the action potential is triggered (55mV)

Question 4

The vertebrate nervous system transmits

information in what aspect of action potentials?

Answer 4

Frequency(number per second).

Question 5

What is an afferent neuron?

Answer 5

the sensory neuron

Question 6

describe the sensory - Motor response pathway?

Answer 6

Sensory (afferent) neuron -> receptor
Interneurons
Motor (efferent) neuron -> effector

Question 7

what are the types of Detectable information?

Answer 7

Light
Chemicals
Temperature
Movements

Question 8

What is transduction?

Answer 8

The process of converting one form of energy into another form i.e converting information into the Language of the nervous system.

Question 9

What are the steps in a stimulus response?

Answer 9

Detection
Transduction
Amplification
Transmission
Integration
Response

Question 10

What are the different types of sensory cells?

Answer 10

Neurons
- Short single dendrite
-Long branched dendrites
Specialised epithelial cells

Question 11

What types of receptors are present internally?

Answer 11

Enteroceptors

Question 12

What is the most widespread sense?

Answer 12

Chemoreception

Question 13

What are the two primary forms of chemoreception?

Answer 13

Taste (gustation)

Smell (olfaction)

Question 14

What are the areas of the brain specialised for olfaction in insects and vertebrae?

Answer 14

Antennal lobe (insect)
Olfactory bulb (vertebrate)

Question 15

What are the sensory structures of insect olfaction?

Answer 15

Sensory ‘hairs’ or sensilla, on their antenna.

Question 16

Three main components of insect olfaction

Answer 16

Cuticular structure (hair)
with many small pores
 Support cells produce
lymph (mucus)
 Sensory neurons
with cilia

Question 17

how do male moths increase olfaction?

Answer 17

Larger surface area through:
Antennal branches
Longer sensilla

Question 18

What are the parts of the Olfactory epithelium?

Answer 18

Mucus
Sensory neurons
Cilia

Question 19

How do axons reach the olfactory bulb in brain?

Answer 19

they pass through cribriform plate

Question 20

What are the Glomeruli?

Answer 20

processing areas

Question 21

Where is the Shortest cranial nerve?

Answer 21

Olfactory epithelium

Question 22

how many different odours can Mammals differentiate?

Answer 22

~10,000

Question 23

How are the chemicals differentiated in olfaction?

Answer 23

Its unique combination of

receptors

Question 24

Where are Olfactions primary receptor cells located?

Answer 24

Olfactory epithelium

Question 25

What are the Receptor proteins on?

Answer 25

The cilia of olfactory neurons

Question 26

How may traduction methods does Olfaction have?

Answer 26

one

Question 27

do molecules bind to multiple or single receptors?

Answer 27

Each molecule can bind to several different receptors Each receptor detects several different odorants

Question 28

what is Gustation?

Answer 28

Contact chemoreception (Taste)

Question 29

is taste more or less sensitive to than smell?

Answer 29

less

Question 30

What kind of receptor cells does Gustation (Taste) have?

Answer 30

Epithelial receptor cells (not neurons)

Question 31

What locations on the body does Taste occur?

Answer 31

Taste buds in oral cavity (amniotes) | Also on rest of the body in fish (e.g. barbels) and aquatic amphibians

Question 32

What tastes can be discriminated?

Answer 32

Five tastes: Salty, Sour, Bitter, Sweet and Umami

Question 33

How many tastes can each receptor detect?

Answer 33

one

Question 34

What are the components of flavour?

Answer 34

taste and smell

Question 35

What are the Distinctions between taste & smell in vertebrates?

Answer 35

Smell: Distance, many qualities, centralised location (nose) Taste: Contact, only five qualities, diffuse location

Question 36

What are the Specialised Mechanoreception systems?

Answer 36

Lateral line system Hearing Equilibrium Echolocation

Question 37

What sensations are included in Mechanoreception?

Answer 37

touch, vibration, pressure & pain

Question 38

how do Mechanoreception receptors function?

Answer 38

Receptors are ion channels respond to physical motion of cell membrane changes membrane permeability to Na+ & K+

Question 39

how do Insect bristle function?

Answer 39

Hard exoskeleton impedes mechanical deformation Movement of bristle in socket Signal depends on direction of bend

Question 40

What is Somatosensory?

Answer 40

Touch

Question 41

how is the Depth of pressure recognised?

Answer 41

Light touch: outer layers deform Strong pressure: deep layers deform

Question 42

What are Proprioceptors used for?

Answer 42

What is the body doing? | Orientation and movement of own body

Question 43

What does the Lateral line systems detect?

Answer 43

how body is positioned relative to water flow

Question 44

What does Electroreception detect?

Answer 44

muscle potentials