Lecture 1C: Introduction to Microbial Physiology and Eukaryotic Cell Structures

Question 1

universal and
a hallmark of the
eukaryotic cell

Answer 1

Membrane-enclosed nucleus

Question 2

What does eukaryotic cell
membranes contain that lend structural strength to the
eukaryotic cell

Answer 2

sterols

Question 3

What does nucleus contains

Answer 3

chromosomes of the
eukaryotic cell.

Question 4

DNA within the nucleus
is wound around what

Answer 4

histones

Question 5

enclosed
by a pair of membranes,
each with its own
function, separated by a
space.

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

Which membrane of nucleus interacts with nucleoplasm

Answer 6

Inner membrane

Question 7

Which membrane of nucleus interacts with cytoplasm

Answer 7

Outer membrane

Question 8

• Found within nucleus
• site of
  ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  synthesis

Answer 8

nucleolus

Question 9

-Normal form of nuclear
division in eukaryotic
cells
- results in 2 diploid
daughter cells

Answer 9

Mitosis (somatic cells)

Question 10

Specialized form
of nuclear
division
- Results in 4
haploid gametes

Answer 10

Meiosis (sex cells)

Question 11

3 Organelles that
specialize in energy
metabolism in
eukaryotes

Answer 11

Mitochondria,
Hydrogenosomes,
and Chloroplasts

Question 12

Mitochondria,
Hydrogenosomes,
and Chloroplasts: have
evolutionary roots within
the ____ and provide
ATP to the eukaryotic
cell from either the
oxidation of organic
compounds or from light

Answer 12

Bacteria

Question 13

Where does respiration occurs
in anaerobic Eukaryotic cells

Answer 13

Mitochondrion

Question 14

What do you call the folded internal
membranes of mitochondria

Answer 14

Cristae

Question 15

Cristae is formed by what

Answer 15

invagination of
the inner membrane

Question 16

What does cristae contains?

Answer 16

enzymes
needed for respiration
and ATP production.

Question 17

What do you call the innermost
compartment of the
mitochondrion

Answer 17

matrix

Question 18

What does matrix contain

Answer 18

enzymes for the
oxidation of organic
compounds, in particular,
enzymes of the citric acid
cycle

Question 19

the major pathway for the
combustion of organic
compounds to CO2

Answer 19

citric acid
cycle

Question 20

Some eukaryotic
microorganisms are
killed by what

Answer 20

O2

Question 21

Found in anaerobic, strict fermenters

Answer 21

Hydrogenosomes

Question 22

Examples of microbial eukaryotes that contain hydrogenosomes

Answer 22

human parasite Trichomonas and
various protists that inhabit the rumen of ruminant anima

Question 23

hydrogenosomes is similar in size
to mitochondria but it lacks what

Answer 23

citric acid cycle enzymes and cristae

Question 24

Major function/biochemical reaction in the
hydrogenosome

Answer 24

oxidation of pyruvate to H2, producing methane (CH4), acetate is secreted

Question 25

chlorophyll-containing organelles of phototrophic microbial eukaryotes such as the algae and function to carry out photosynthesis.

Answer 25

Chloroplast

Question 26

They are relatively large and readily visible with the light microscope

Answer 26

Chloroplast

Question 27

What sorrounds the innermost membrane of chloroplast

Answer 27

stroma

Question 28

What does stroma contains

Answer 28

enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RubisCO)

Question 29

RubisCO is the key enzyme of what

Answer 29

Calvin cycle

Question 30

What is Calvin cycle?

Answer 30

series of biosynthetic reactions by which phototrophs convert CO2 to organic compounds

Question 31

flattened membrane discs containing chlorophyll and ATP synthetic components.

Answer 31

thylakoids

Question 32

Major function of thylakoid

Answer 32

form a proton motive force that results in ATP synthesis

Question 33

What is endosymbiotic hypothesis

Answer 33

Endosymbiotic hypothesis: mitochondria and chloroplasts were descendants of respiratory and phototrophic bacterial cells, respectively. By associating with nonphototrophic eukaryal hosts, the latter gained a new form of energy metabolism while the symbiotic bacterial cells received a stable and supportive growth environment inside the host.

Question 34

became an intimate part of the eukaryotic cell.

Answer 34

free-living symbionts

Question 35

Evidence of endosymbiotic hypothesis

Answer 35

mitochondria, hydro- genosomes, and chloroplasts contain their own genomes and ribosomes.

Question 36

network of membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane.

Answer 36

ER

Question 37

Smooth ER participates in the synthesis of what

Answer 37

synthesis of lipids and in some aspects of carbohydrate metabolism

Question 38

contains attached ribosomes through the activity of its ribosomes

Answer 38

Rough ER

Question 39

rough ER is a major producer of what

Answer 39

- glycoproteins - also produces new membrane material that is transported throughout the cell to enlarge the various membrane systems before cell division.

Question 40

Arise from preexisting golgi bodies and function in concert with ER

Answer 40

Stack of membrane bound sacs called Cisternae

Question 41

Golgi complex is involved in what ?

Answer 41

chemical modification of products of ER and sorting into those destined for secretion versus those that will function in other membranous structures in the cell

Question 42

Many of the modifications made in the Golgi complex are what

Answer 42

glycosylations (addition of sugar residues)

Question 43

What does glycosylations convert

Answer 43

convert the proteins into glycoproteins that can then be targeted to specific locations in the cell.

Question 44

Membrane enclosed compartment that contains digestive enzyme s that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and polysaccharides

Answer 44

Lysosomes

Question 45

What does lysosome contain

Answer 45

digestive enzyme s that hydrolyze proteins, fats, and polysaccharides

Question 46

Where does lysosome fuse

Answer 46

with food that enters the cell in vacuoles

Question 47

What would happen when lysosomes fuses with food that enters the cell in vacuoles

Answer 47

Releases digestive enzymes that breakdown foods for biosynthesis and energy generation.

Question 48

hollow tubes about 25 nm in diameter.

Answer 48

microtubules

Question 49

What does microtubules contain

Answer 49

α-tubulin and β-tubulin.

Question 50

Function of microtubules

Answer 50

1. maintaining cell shape and cell motility by cilia and flagella 2. moving chromosomes during mitosis, and 3. in movement of organelles within the cell.

Question 51

smaller than microtubules, about 7 nm in diameter

Answer 51

Microfilaments

Question 52

Microfiolaments are polymers of what

Answer 52

two intertwined strands of the protein actin.

Question 53

Function of microfilaments

Answer 53

maintaining or changing cell shape, in cell motility by cells that move by amoeboid movement, and during cell division.

Question 54

fibrous keratin proteins that form into fibers 8–12 nm in diameter

Answer 54

Intermediate filaments

Question 55

Function of intermediate filaments

Answer 55

maintaining cell shape and positioning organelles in the cell.