Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the primary functions of the lungs?
Describe the simplified air flow pathway.
Gas exchange of CO2 and O2 (which occurs at the alveoli)
Trachea -> Primary bronchus -> Secondary bronchi -> Tertiary bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
What are the major organs of the Thorax?
The lungs (pleura) and the Heart (with its pericardium and great vessels)
Describe the regions of the Bronchi.
Does gas exchange occur in the Bronchi?
Trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, and segmental (tertiary) bronchus.
No gas exchange occurs in the Bronchi
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
What covers the surface of the molecules in the Bronchioles?
Gas exchange occurs at the Alveoli.
Alveoli are covered with capillaries.
What are the membranes that surround the lungs?
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
The visceral pleura lines the lungs.
Where is the heart located in the chest (what is it between)?
Where is the Apex and the Base of the heart?
The heart is located in the mediastinum and is between the lungs. It begins at the 2nd rib and reaches the diaphragm.
The base is superior, with a broad platform. The apex is inferior, tilts to the left, and is tapered.
What is the pericardium / pericardial sac / parietal pericardium?
- What are it’s layers?
- What is it filled with?
The pericardium is a sack around the heart that allows for minimal friction yet allows room for the heart to expand (and resists excessive expansion).
It consists of two layers - an outer dense fibrous layer (tough) and an inner smooth, thin, and moist layer.
It is filled with pericardial fluid (5 - 30 ml).
Describe the layers of the heart wall.
The heart wall is comprised of three layers:
- Epicardium - thin, smooth, and moist - covers the surface
- Myocardium - striated muscle fibers
- Endocardium - smooth, endothelial cell lining
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart (what arteries, veins, chambers and valves).
Vena Cava - Right Atrium - Tricuspid Valve - Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Artery -> Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Bicuspid Valve (Mitral, AV) -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta
What muscles support the heart AV valves?
The chordae tendinae and papillary muscle prevent prolapse with the valves.
Describe the Pulmonary circulation route.
Pulmonary trunk - Pulmonary artery - arteriole - capillaries - venule - pulmonary vein
Describe how to divide the abdominal section of the body into quadrants.
Medial plane divides into left and right.
Transumbilical plane divides into upper and lower.
RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ
What organs/regions are in the Right Upper Quandrant?
Liver (Rt lobe) Pylorus of Stomach Duodenum Rt Adrenal Gland Rt Kidney Ascending Colon Transverse Colon
What organs are in the Left Upper Quandrant?
Liver (Lt lobe) Stomach Spleen Jejunum Proimal Ileum Body and tail of Pancreas Lt Adrenal Gland Lt Kidney Descending Colon Transverse Colon
What organs are in the right lower quandrant?
Cecum Appendix Ileum Ascending Colon Rt Ovary Rt Uterine Tube Rt Ureter Urinary Bladder
What organs are in the left lower quandrant?
Sigmoid Colon Descending Colon Lt Ovary Lt Uterine Tube Lt Ureter Urinary Bladder
What are the two divisions of the Digestive System?
The Gastrointestinal tract - which are the structures that food/chyme pass through (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus)
Accessary organs - food does not pass through them, but they are necessary for digestion - liver, gall bladder, pancreas
What is the esophagus?
A tube from the pharynx to the stomach. It pierces the diaphragm.
What is the stomach?
Where is it located?
The stomach is a muscular pouch that stores food and metes out chyme to the small intestine.
It secretes HCI and produces pepsin (proteolytic enzymes) and instrinsic factor (B12).
What are the segments of the stomach?
Cardiac Sphincter Cardia (at entrance) Fundus Body Antrum (inferior portion, near intestine) Pyloric sphincter
Describe the anatomy of the Small Intestine.
Duodenum -> Jejunum -> Ileum.
It is the site of most digestion and almost all absorption.
Describe the large intestine anatomy.
- What are its parts?
- What does it absorb?
Ileocecal valve (from illeum to cecum) Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon
The large intestine absorbs salt, water, and Vitamin K.
What are the four membranes of the digestive system?
Peritoneum, Mesentery, Lesser omentum, Greater omentum
Describe the peritoneum.
A serous membrane that forms the linings of the abdominal cavity.
Contains the parietal and visceral peritoneums. It contains serous fluid and wraps organs (intraperitoneal organs). Organs that are behind the peritoneum are retroperitoneal and tend to be fixed.
