Lecture 2

Question 1

What are characteristics of the unisexual ambystoma

Answer 1

all female, possess DNA from multiple species, range in ploidy from 2-5, reproduce by stealing sperm

Question 2

Why are unisexual ambystoma assigned the same threat level as their host species?

Answer 2

They are reproductively dependent on them and they look very similar

Question 3

Where is the central newt found in ontario?

Answer 3

West of lake superior

Question 4

Where is the red spotted newt found in ontario?

Answer 4

South and east of lake superior in ontario

Question 5

What is one feature of a red spotted newt that stands out

Answer 5

spots are encircle with black

Question 6

Where was the single accepted specimen of an eastern tiger salamander collected?

Answer 6

Point pelee

Question 7

What is a feature of the 5 lined skink and why do they lose it as adults?

Answer 7

they have a blue tail so that birds go for the tail and not the body, they are less vulnerable as adults

Question 8

What is the closest relative to tetrapods?

Answer 8

Lungfish

Question 9

What are phylogenetic trees?

Answer 9

A hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships within a group

Question 10

What kind of group are reptiles and what do they exclude?

Answer 10

Paraphyletic, aves

Question 11

What are some synapomorphies of Lissamphibia?

Answer 11

Cutaneuous respiration, two sound transmission channels in inner ear, two types of skin glands (mucous and granual(poison)), pedicellate teeth

Question 12

what is a synapomorphy?

Answer 12

a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants

Question 13

What is a crown group?

Answer 13

The smallest clade that includes all living members of a group and anyfossils nested within it

Question 14

What is a stem group?

Answer 14

set of extinct taxa not in the crown group but are more closely related to the crown group than any other

Question 15

What are gymnophiona?

Answer 15

Caecilians

Question 16

What are some features of gymnophiona ?

Answer 16

limbless and no pelvic girdle, vesitigial eyes, retractable sensory tentacles

Question 17

what are some characteristics of lissamphibia gerobatrachus?

Answer 17

fused ankle bone, wide froglike skull, presacral vertebral number was reduced to 17, dorsal ribs not present on 3 lumbar vertebrae

Question 18

what is gerobatrachus the best candidate for?

Answer 18

a common ancestor to all living frogs and salamanders

Question 19

What is within caudata?

Answer 19

salamanders

Question 20

what are major synapomorphies of caudata?

Answer 20

ossification sequence of the skull, absence of a middle ear, origin of jaw abductor muscle, gill slits and external gills in larvae

Question 21

What is within anurans?

Answer 21

frogs and toads

Question 22

What are some major families of anurans?

Answer 22

Craugastoridae, hylidae, micohylidae, bufonidae

Question 23

what are some synapomorphies of anurans?

Answer 23

No true tails in adults, reduction in presacral vertebrae (9 or less), dorsal ribs absent/reduced

Question 24

What are the two superfamilies in anura?

Answer 24

Hyloida and ranoidea

Question 25

What kinds of anurans are in hyloida?

Answer 25

True toads, poison dart frogs, treefrogs, glass frogs, leaf frogs

Question 26

What kinds of anurans are in Ranoidea?

Answer 26

True frogs, malagasy poison frogs, rain frogs, narrow mouthed frogs, giant frogs, afroasian tree frog

Question 27

What are features of an amniotic egg?

Answer 27

dessication resistant shell, four membranes that permit gas exchange and management of waste products produced by the embryo

Question 28

Sperm cannot penetrate shell so amniotic eggs must be ___________ before eggshell is produced?

Answer 28

fertilized internally

Question 29

Egg was a key adaptation that led to what?

Answer 29

enabled amniotes to inhabit dry habitats that amphibians couldnt tolerate

Question 30

What is included in sauropsida?

Answer 30

Birds and other dinosaurs

Question 31

what is included in lepidosauria?

Answer 31

Spehnodontida (tuatara), squamates (lizards and snakes)

Question 32

What are features of lepidosauria?

Answer 32

hemipenis, can automize tails

Question 33

What is rhynchocephalia?

Answer 33

group containing sphenodontida

Question 34

What are features of Rhynchocephalia?

Answer 34

Acrodont dentition, diapsid, enlarged premaxillary teeth fused to upper jaw, parietal eye

Question 35

what is within testudines?

Answer 35

Turtles, tortoises and terrapins

Question 36

What are features of testudines?

Answer 36

Keratinous beak, carapace, plastron, scutes

Question 37

What is within squamates?

Answer 37

Lizards and snakes

Question 38

What are the two major groups within testudines? What feature identifies them?

Answer 38

Pleurodira (side necked turtle), Cryptodira (hidden necked turtle)

Question 39

What is within archosauria?

Answer 39

Crocodiles, dinosaurs and pterosaurs

Question 40

what features do archosauria have?

Answer 40

Teeth set in sockets in jaw bone (thecodont), forelimbs with sharp claws

Question 41

What is not found in archosauria?

Answer 41

viviparity, limblessness, elongate snake like body, highly kinetic skull, venom

Question 42

What is within crocodilia?

Answer 42

alligators & caimans, crocodiles, gharials

Question 43

Patterns of relatedness among ________ determined by __________

Answer 43

extinct amniotes, skeletal anatomy

Question 44

What features are found in early reptiles (reptilia)

Answer 44

well ossified skeletons, anapsid, heterogenous teeth, lost palatine fangs

Question 45

What skull type do todays reptiles include?

Answer 45

dispsids

Question 46

What are osteoderms?

Answer 46

Dermal bone structures that support the upper layer of skin and serve as protection against the elements

Question 47

What features do archosaurs have in common?

Answer 47

mandibular fenestrae, high narrow skulls, modified ankle joint, thecodont

Question 48

What are the two large groups of archosaurs and what type of ankle joint do they have?

Answer 48

Crurotarsi (rotational joint), Ornithodira (hinge joint)

Question 49

What are the two groups of dinosaurs?

Answer 49

Saurischia & ornithischia

Question 50

What is saurischia?

Answer 50

lizard hipped, theropods and sauropods

Question 51

What is ornithischia

Answer 51

bird hipped, stegosaurs etc

Question 52

Turtles are more closely related to:

Answer 52

Archosaurs more than lizards and snakes