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Herpetology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of the unisexual ambystoma

A

all female, possess DNA from multiple species, range in ploidy from 2-5, reproduce by stealing sperm

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2
Q

Why are unisexual ambystoma assigned the same threat level as their host species?

A

They are reproductively dependent on them and they look very similar

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3
Q

Where is the central newt found in ontario?

A

West of lake superior

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4
Q

Where is the red spotted newt found in ontario?

A

South and east of lake superior in ontario

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5
Q

What is one feature of a red spotted newt that stands out

A

spots are encircle with black

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6
Q

Where was the single accepted specimen of an eastern tiger salamander collected?

A

Point pelee

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7
Q

What is a feature of the 5 lined skink and why do they lose it as adults?

A

they have a blue tail so that birds go for the tail and not the body, they are less vulnerable as adults

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8
Q

What is the closest relative to tetrapods?

A

Lungfish

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9
Q

What are phylogenetic trees?

A

A hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships within a group

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10
Q

What kind of group are reptiles and what do they exclude?

A

Paraphyletic, aves

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11
Q

What are some synapomorphies of Lissamphibia?

A

Cutaneuous respiration, two sound transmission channels in inner ear, two types of skin glands (mucous and granual(poison)), pedicellate teeth

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12
Q

what is a synapomorphy?

A

a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively by its evolutionary descendants

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13
Q

What is a crown group?

A

The smallest clade that includes all living members of a group and anyfossils nested within it

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14
Q

What is a stem group?

A

set of extinct taxa not in the crown group but are more closely related to the crown group than any other

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15
Q

What are gymnophiona?

A

Caecilians

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16
Q

What are some features of gymnophiona ?

A

limbless and no pelvic girdle, vesitigial eyes, retractable sensory tentacles

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17
Q

what are some characteristics of lissamphibia gerobatrachus?

A

fused ankle bone, wide froglike skull, presacral vertebral number was reduced to 17, dorsal ribs not present on 3 lumbar vertebrae

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18
Q

what is gerobatrachus the best candidate for?

A

a common ancestor to all living frogs and salamanders

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19
Q

What is within caudata?

A

salamanders

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20
Q

what are major synapomorphies of caudata?

A

ossification sequence of the skull, absence of a middle ear, origin of jaw abductor muscle, gill slits and external gills in larvae

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21
Q

What is within anurans?

A

frogs and toads

22
Q

What are some major families of anurans?

A

Craugastoridae, hylidae, micohylidae, bufonidae

23
Q

what are some synapomorphies of anurans?

A

No true tails in adults, reduction in presacral vertebrae (9 or less), dorsal ribs absent/reduced

24
Q

What are the two superfamilies in anura?

A

Hyloida and ranoidea

25
Q

What kinds of anurans are in hyloida?

A

True toads, poison dart frogs, treefrogs, glass frogs, leaf frogs

26
Q

What kinds of anurans are in Ranoidea?

A

True frogs, malagasy poison frogs, rain frogs, narrow mouthed frogs, giant frogs, afroasian tree frog

27
Q

What are features of an amniotic egg?

A

dessication resistant shell, four membranes that permit gas exchange and management of waste products produced by the embryo

28
Q

Sperm cannot penetrate shell so amniotic eggs must be ___________ before eggshell is produced?

A

fertilized internally

29
Q

Egg was a key adaptation that led to what?

A

enabled amniotes to inhabit dry habitats that amphibians couldnt tolerate

30
Q

What is included in sauropsida?

A

Birds and other dinosaurs

31
Q

what is included in lepidosauria?

A

Spehnodontida (tuatara), squamates (lizards and snakes)

32
Q

What are features of lepidosauria?

A

hemipenis, can automize tails

33
Q

What is rhynchocephalia?

A

group containing sphenodontida

34
Q

What are features of Rhynchocephalia?

A

Acrodont dentition, diapsid, enlarged premaxillary teeth fused to upper jaw, parietal eye

35
Q

what is within testudines?

A

Turtles, tortoises and terrapins

36
Q

What are features of testudines?

A

Keratinous beak, carapace, plastron, scutes

37
Q

What is within squamates?

A

Lizards and snakes

38
Q

What are the two major groups within testudines? What feature identifies them?

A

Pleurodira (side necked turtle), Cryptodira (hidden necked turtle)

39
Q

What is within archosauria?

A

Crocodiles, dinosaurs and pterosaurs

40
Q

what features do archosauria have?

A

Teeth set in sockets in jaw bone (thecodont), forelimbs with sharp claws

41
Q

What is not found in archosauria?

A

viviparity, limblessness, elongate snake like body, highly kinetic skull, venom

42
Q

What is within crocodilia?

A

alligators & caimans, crocodiles, gharials

43
Q

Patterns of relatedness among ________ determined by __________

A

extinct amniotes, skeletal anatomy

44
Q

What features are found in early reptiles (reptilia)

A

well ossified skeletons, anapsid, heterogenous teeth, lost palatine fangs

45
Q

What skull type do todays reptiles include?

A

dispsids

46
Q

What are osteoderms?

A

Dermal bone structures that support the upper layer of skin and serve as protection against the elements

47
Q

What features do archosaurs have in common?

A

mandibular fenestrae, high narrow skulls, modified ankle joint, thecodont

48
Q

What are the two large groups of archosaurs and what type of ankle joint do they have?

A

Crurotarsi (rotational joint), Ornithodira (hinge joint)

49
Q

What are the two groups of dinosaurs?

A

Saurischia & ornithischia

50
Q

What is saurischia?

A

lizard hipped, theropods and sauropods

51
Q

What is ornithischia

A

bird hipped, stegosaurs etc

52
Q

Turtles are more closely related to:

A

Archosaurs more than lizards and snakes

Herpetology (7 decks)

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