Lecture 2

Question 1

2 big parts of the nervous system

Answer 1

CNS
PNS

Question 2

CNS

Answer 2

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

Sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

Question 4

Divisions of the spinal chord

Answer 4

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

Question 5

Long fibre tracts

Answer 5

Motor pathway (corticospinal/pyramidal tract) -descending
Somatosensory pathway (spinothalamic tract) - ascending pathway

Question 6

Meninges

Answer 6

Below the skull: dura mater –> arachnoid mater –> pia mater
CSF between the arachnoid and pia in the subarachnoid space

Question 7

What tissue inside the ventricles secretes CSF?

Answer 7

Choroid plexus

Question 8

The flow of the CSF

Answer 8

Cerebrum –> brain stem core –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi absorb CSF

Question 9

What diffuse rapidly into CSF?

Answer 9

Metabolic waste

Question 10

Ventricles:

Answer 10

Lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle

Question 11

The 3 cranial nerves we have to know (out of the 12):

Answer 11

Olfactory nerve: I
Optic nerve: II
–> Both sensory, related to telencephalon and diencephalon

Vagus nerve: X
–> Part of the parasympathetic nervous system

The other 9 are related to the brainstem

Question 12

What do the spinal nerves innervate?

Answer 12

Joints, skin, muscles

Question 13

Where are the cell bodies of the peripheral sensory neurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 13

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 14

ANS

Answer 14

Visceromotor system
Has a sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Innervates the smooth muscles of internal organs, blood-vessels, glands

Question 15

Sympathetic division

Answer 15

Fight or flight function: Pupil dilation, bronchodilation, cardiac acceleration, inhibition of digestion, etc. - More in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord

Question 16

Parasympathetic division

Answer 16

Rest and digest function: Pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction, cardiac deceleration, stimulation of digestion, etc. - more in the sacral part and cranial nerves

Question 17

Autonomic measures

Answer 17

ECG: electrocardiogram
Skin conductance
Plethysmography - vascular flow
Respiration - respiratory effort, air exchange

Question 18

Neurulation stages:

Answer 18

From the ectoderm —> neural plate –> neural groove –>neural tube (CNS forms from the walls of the tube; ventricular system forms from the fluid-filled inside of the tube)

Question 19

3 primary brain vesicles

Answer 19

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Question 20

Prosencephalon differentiation

Answer 20

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal forebrain)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Optic vesicles

Question 21

Major grey matter systems that derive from the prosencephalon

Answer 21

Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia

Question 22

Major white matter systems originating from the prosencephalon

Answer 22

Cortical axons: cortical white matter, corpus callosum (cross to contralateral hemisphere); internal and external capsule (cortical axons projecting to deep brain structures and periphery)
Anterior and posterior commissure (interhemispheric connections of deep brain structures)

Question 23

Cerebral cortex function

Answer 23

Analyzes sensory input and commands motor output

Question 24

Thalamus functions

Answer 24

Sensory gateway of the cortex:
Relay station for sensory input for the cortex
Conveys sensory input from the contralateral side of the body
Involved in attention regulation
Reciprocally connected to cortex through internal capsule

Question 25

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 25

Regulation of the internal environment of the body (thermoregulation etc.) Regulation of some primitive behaviours (all through control of the visceral nervous system, and neuroendocrine control)

Question 26

Basal ganglia functions

Answer 26

Selection of motor outputs Motor impulse Development of habitual sensory-motor behaviours

Question 27

Mesencephalon differentiation

Answer 27

Tectum - upper part: colliculi (visual and auditory processing) Tegmentum - lower part: substantia nigra, red nucleus (control of voluntary movement) (Axons descending from cortex to the spinal cord - pyramidal tract, axons ascending from the spinal cord to cortex - sensory systems

Question 28

Rhombencephalon differentiation

Answer 28

Cerebellum - movement control Pons - connects cerebellum and cortex Cochlear nuclei - project axons to the inferior colliculus and other structures Pyramidal decussation Locus coeruleus Raphe nuclei

Question 29

Spinal cord parts

Answer 29

Spinal canal White matter columns Dorsal root ganglia Spinal grey matter (dorsal horn, intermediate part, ventral horn)

Question 30

Neuromodulators of the prosencephalon

Answer 30

Acetylcholine, histamine

Question 31

Neuromodulators of the mesencephalon

Answer 31

Dopamine

Question 32

Neuromodulators of the rhombencephalon

Answer 32

Serotonin Noradrenaline

Question 33

Layers of neo(/iso)cortex

Answer 33

6 -newest, 90% of human cortex

Question 34

Layers of mesocortex

Answer 34

less layers (4) - limbic cortex (incl. cingulate and entorhinal cortex)

Question 35

Layers of Allocortex

Answer 35

1 layer of projection cells - oldest part: piriform cortex (olfactory), hippocampus

Question 36

What is the hippocampus?

Answer 36

The curled-up edge of the cortical plate

Question 37

Parts of the hippocampus

Answer 37

Cornu ammonis Dentate gyrus