Lecture 2

Question 1

What is a dose response, and how does it relate to this graph?

Answer 1

• How much of an agent is required to produce a response

Question 2

How is the initiation and severity of a response to a chemical agent determined?

Answer 2

• The concentration of the chemical agent at the molecular target site(s).
• The concentration at the target site is directly related to the dose administered.

Question 3

Using this graph, explain the relationship between dose and concentration at the target site

Answer 3

• A: The concentration and effects of a single dose remain consistently toxic over time.
• B: The concentration and effects of a single dose gradually decreases, almost reducing its effects over time.
• C: The concentration of a single dose drops over time , reducing its effects over time.

Question 4

Using this graph, explain the relationship between dose and concentration at the target site

Answer 4

• A: Over time, the concentration of the repeated and its response are toxic over time.
• B: Over time, the concentration of the repeated doses and its response are becoming less toxic over time.
• C: Over time, the concentration of repeated doses and its response remain consistent, never reaching the toxic threshold.

Question 5

What two characteristics can influence a dose?

Answer 5

1. Route of exposure
2. Duration of exposure

Question 6

What are the three major routes of exposure?

Answer 6

1. Inhalation
2. Ingestion
3. Dermal

Question 7

Give an example of inhaltion exposure, and provide the units used to measure this exposure route.

Answer 7

• Wildfire smoke
• (mg/m³) or ppb

Question 8

Give an example of ingestion exposure, and provide the units used to measure this exposure route.

Answer 8

• arsenic
• (mg/kg/day) or (m/L)

Question 9

Give an example of dermal exposure, and provide the units used to measure this exposure route.

Answer 9

• asbestos
• (µg/cm²)

Question 10

What are six less common routes of exposure?

Answer 10

• Intraperitoneal (abdomen)
• Intravenous (veins)
• Subcutaneous (under skin)
• Mucus membrane absorption (nose, gums)
• Rectal suppository (rectum)
• Urethra

Question 11

NOEL

Answer 11

• No observed effect level

Question 12

NOAEL

Answer 12

• No observed adverse effect level

Question 13

ED

Answer 13

• Effective dose

Question 14

LD

Answer 14

• Lethal Dose

Question 15

MLD

Answer 15

• Minimum lethal dose

Question 16

MTD

Answer 16

• Maximum tolerated dose

Question 17

Answer 17

*

Question 18

Question 19

Answer 19

• An effective dose of 10 received a 10% response in the population

Question 20

Question 21

Question 22

Question 23

Question 24

How do you calculate Margin of Safety, and what is MOS?

Question 25

Using MOS, explain this graph

Question 26

Question 27

Calculate MOS and TI with this information: *** Aspirin:** * Toxic dose for 1%: Greater than 300 mcg/mL * Toxic dose for 50%: Greater than 800 mcg/mL * Effective dose for 99%: 150 mcg/mL * Effective dose for 50%: 100 mcg/mL

Answer 27

* MOS: 2 * TI: 8

Question 28

Define individual or graded dose response, and how does it relate to this graph?

Answer 28

* A graph showing how different doses have different levels of effect, ranging from the smallest detectable effect to the maximum possible effect, as a continuous curve representing this relationship.

Question 29

What is a threshold dose, and how does it relate to this graph?

Answer 29

* The lowest dose that produces a detectable response

Question 30

What is a linear no threshold model, and how does it relate to this graph?

Question 31