Lecture 2

Question 1

Hierarchical vs Parallel processing

Answer 1

Hierarchical: “steps” and each step is increasingly processed

Parallel: multiple processes occur simultaneously and help speed up processing by dividing task among diff pathways or regions

Question 2

for complex interactions of various systems to complete tasks: end goal is the ____ not the movement. less concerned with how it’s completed

Answer 2

task

Question 3

attractor wells

Answer 3

how easy can behaviors be changed? (deeper well= stronger habits to get rid)

Question 4

mvmt emerges as result of interacting parts w/o need for specific command

Answer 4

self-organizaiton

Question 5

as one parameter is changed and reaches a critical value new behavior emerges

Answer 5

non-linear properties

Question 6

habituation vs sensitization

Answer 6

habituation: less response to a repeated stimulus overtime

sensitization: increased response t a repeated stimulus esp when it’s noxious/strong

Question 7

after a person moves, 4 things are stored in memory

Answer 7

1. initial mvmt conditions
2. parameters used in general motor program
3. knowledge of results (outcome)
4. sensory consequences

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

condition stimulus causes conditioned response that was formerly unconditioned

Question 9

rewarded behaviors are repeated, punished, not repeated

Answer 9

operant conditioning

Question 10

procedural learning

Answer 10

performed without thinking about it (HABIT)

Question 11

declarative learning

Answer 11

requires awareness, attn, reflection

recalled knowledge

Question 12

feedback vs feedfoward

Answer 12

slide 6

Question 14

importance of transitions

Answer 14

push our more chronic pts into periods of instability to reach a new pattern of stability

good for a treatment modality so they can have increased variability of performance and use motor problem-solving

Question 15

task oriented theory : Gordon’s investment principle

Answer 15

pt will plateu but eventually get better thru new strategy

Question 16

selection of best strategy for task and now begins to refine the skill
less variable and more accurate performance

Answer 16

associative stage

Question 17

conscious processing of task requirements; performance has many errors and variability

Answer 17

cognitive stage

Question 18

minimal attention required; error detection present; stable performance

Answer 18

autonomous stage

Question 18

novice, advanced, and expert stages and degrees of freedom

Answer 18

by the expert stage, all degrees of freedom are released. but at first, the learner wants to simplify mvmt and decrease degrees of freedom

Question 19

how (or why) might we limit a patient’s movement or DOF?

Answer 19

bc it may help release DOF later

Question 20

slide 12 skilled learning theory: Newell’s theory

Answer 20

give pt specific goals during the task.
let pt have perception of knowledge of performance / results

Question 21

T/F learning can be measured directly

Answer 21

F (is inferred from behavior)

Question 22

level of skill displayed at each trial ; Transient

Answer 22

performance

Question 23

what are the factors contributing to motor learning?

Answer 23

intrinsic feedback, extrinsic feedback, and knowledge of results (best AFTER they processed their movement)

Question 24

bad for motor learning because it tends to be "too corrective" and not give the pt a chance to make error

Answer 24

physical guidance

Question 25

massed/blocked vs. distributed

Answer 25

distributed preferred (STS 20 reps NOT back to back)

Question 26

constant vs variable

Answer 26

variable preferred

Question 27

great for motor learning do something diff related btw the STS (pt educatioin, walking, etc)

Answer 27

contextual interference

Question 28

whole vs part training

Answer 28

whole: entire skill from start to finish part: breaking skill down into smaller parts

Question 29

transfer of skill

Answer 29

e.g. STS for diff activities (squat, transfer, etc)

Question 30

mental practice

Answer 30

good for motor learning

Question 31

if pt cannot perform the task, then what?

Answer 31

- simplifying task w/o changing components (modify environment) -teach compensation - do contrived activities, then return to task specific

Question 32

compensation vs recovery

Answer 32

compensation: alt. strategies used (CRUTCHES, PWB, NWB) recovery: achieving function through original process (but if they used a device before and after then there was no compensation)

Question 33

the idea that it may not be the fact that pt can't use arm, but bc they learned NOT to use it

Answer 33

learned non-use (compensation)

Question 34

the act of _____ may be the primary reason that motor def remains

Answer 34

compensation

Question 35

how patient looks in the clinic setting

Answer 35

performance

Question 36

when to give feedback?

Answer 36

interval- time ratio- reps (every # reps) bandwidth: if learner's performance is within acceptable range, no feedback given. faded: frequency of feedback decreases overtime as the performance improves

Question 37

bandwidth vs faded feedback

Answer 37

bandwidth: if learner's performance is within acceptable range, no feedback given. faded: frequency of feedback decreases overtime as the performance improves

Question 38

what are the 3 organization of movement categories?

Answer 38

task (mobility, stability, manipulation) individual (cognition, perception, action) environment (regulatory or nonregulatory)

Question 39

what context is this? - **movement needs to match features of the environment to be successful.** - Person NOT free to make the decision regarding spatial characteristics of the movement - Timing can be a determinant of action

Answer 39

environmental context

Question 40

what are the 2 regulatory conditions of tasks?

Answer 40

1. fixed terrain, objects/people STATIONARY 2. supporting surfaces, objects, or people in MOTION

Question 41

when spatial features of the environment control spatial features of the movement

Answer 41

stationary

Question 42

is timing specified during stationary?

Answer 42

no person decides when to start and when to end

Question 43

motion

Answer 43

motion in the environment (ball) occurs independently of the person's movements and the person must match w/ environment compensate when body delays in processing abilities must keep making predictions

Question 44

intertrial variability

Answer 44

changes in conditions of the task between attempts. considered absent (no difference between attempts) or present (environment varies between attempts)

Question 45

as movement variability decreases

Answer 45

- less attn of movement - pattern, trace, schema is formed - CLOSED skill (straigtforward)

Question 46

as movement variability increases

Answer 46

- continue need for attentiveness - new mvmt pattern may be generated - OPEN skill NOTE: this is still a good thing bc you're finding multiple ways to do things more variability is what we want!

Question 47

closed task vs. variable motionless task

Answer 47

closed: stationary objects and no changes from trial to trial variable motionless task: still stationary but vary spatially from trial to trial

Question 48

which one has more interaction with environment? closed vs variable motionless tasks?

Answer 48

variable motionless task

Question 49

the most interaction with environment is

Answer 49

open tasks (drive, walk, cross street)

Question 50

consistent motion task vs open task

Answer 50

consistent motion: objects remain the same; more interaction w environment than closed; predictable open: most complex; unpredictable and changing

Question 51

with task requiring stabilizing body, info processing demands relatively

Answer 51

Low

Question 52

with task requiring transporting the body, info processing demands are ____ and get ____ with speed.

Answer 52

High NOTE: only thru human interventions can action goals be separated from postural system

Question 53

during manipulation, person must do 2 things at once

Answer 53

1. monitor environment (body stability vs transport) 2. must gather relevant information about object to be handled (requires increased attention

Question 54

read rest of slides 39-44