Lecture 2

Question 1

the most useful information is

Answer 1

evidence-based, grounded in empirical evidence, verifiable (claims can be confirmed by others, from trustworthy sources

Question 2

Hypotheses are

Answer 2

reconsidered and based on new data, revised and modified, refined through repeat testing until consistently supported by evidence

Question 3

the scientific method helps us prioritize ideas that are

Answer 3

logical and verifiable

Question 4

research findings are usually

Answer 4

peer-reviewed and published in reputable journals, helping make the results trustworthy

Question 5

research studies provide results, so are

Answer 5

evidence-based

Question 6

The scientific attitide

Answer 6

scientific information is distinctive because of its emphasis on evidence and scientists’ willingness to change theories

Question 7

Primary sources

Answer 7

Original research studies, authored by those who collected and analyzed the data, evidence-based, evidence presented or cited

Question 8

Secondary sources

Answer 8

sources that report or discuss work that was presented elsewhere, consists of assessment, interpretation, discussion of primary sources

Question 9

Primary sources include

Answer 9

methods and a results sections

Question 10

CRAAP test

Answer 10

evaluate credibility of sources of information

Question 11

C

Answer 11

currency (timeliness)

Question 12

R

Answer 12

relevance - is the source related to your topic

Question 13

A

Answer 13

Authority - who is the author, what credentials/organizations

Question 14

A

Answer 14

Accuracy - is the information reviewed, supported by evidence?

Question 15

P

Answer 15

Purpose- inform, teach, sell, entertain???

Question 16

Intended audience

Answer 16

professional audience or general public

Question 17

professional audience

Answer 17

field specific aimed at expert researchers or professionals, focus or quality and credibility, usually difficult to read

Question 18

General public

Answer 18

accessible to a broad audience, focus on storytelling, purposes and motives vary

Question 19

Sections in a research article

Answer 19

Abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgements, literature cited

Question 20

Introduction

Answer 20

what are the research questions and hypothesis

Question 21

Materials and methods

Answer 21

How was the study preformed

Question 22

Results

Answer 22

what were the findings

Question 23

discussion

Answer 23

what do the results mean? how do they relate to what was already known

Question 24

conclusion

Answer 24

main implications of the work, usually stated in the discussion

Question 25

Abstract

Answer 25

summarizes introduction, materials and methods, results , discussion

Question 26

Publication in peer-reviewed journals

Answer 26

-write a manuscript that describes a scientific discovery, submit it to a scientific journal, it is peer-reviewed blindly, the decision of the editor, if the manuscript is accepted, publishing fees are paid

Question 27

2 broad categories of journals

Answer 27

1. subscription journals (pay-wall) 2. open access journa, always freely available, some have higher publishing fees

Question 28

Impact factors

Answer 28

Based on the number of times a journal's articles are cited, popular, influential, but controversial

Question 29

conference presentations or proceedings

Answer 29

experts and students present the latest findings as talks or posters

Question 30

student theses

Answer 30

long format description of new research, reviewed by committee of professors

Question 31

reports from government or industry

Answer 31

variable format, may be difficult to access, data often not mad accessible to external reviewers

Question 32

Non-professional science publications

Answer 32

usually secondary sources, textbooks and websites, magazines can help people understand the most basic point

Question 33

Locating useful sources

Answer 33

start with secondary sources to get a solid foundation, references

Question 34

verifiable findings

Answer 34

empirical evidence, data that can be observed, measure and tested, conclusions that are consistent with the evidence and results that can be reproduced