Lecture 2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
Why is it important to know causes of mental illness?
understanding causes can help you understand how to properly treat a disorder.
Knowing causes can help reduce stigma. Ex: when people found out how biologically based ADHD is they became less critical of people with ADHD and were able to empathize more.
a lot of this is really important in the way that we think about disorders we will study and how we approach mental illness broadly.
What is a paradigm?
a viewpoint/set of assumptions about how to understand, study, and treat psychological disorders
if you really have on paradigm in mind and you are only seeing it through that lens, you won’t see all the other possibilities.
What do the circles in the First Nations Mental wellness diagram mean? Is this like a broad paradigm of things that come from first nations mental wellness?
yes it is like a paradigm in that sense.
- the first piece is self responsibility (that is the center where you’re taking responsibility for your own self, health and wellness).
- the next circle is balance (talking a lot about bio-psycho-social but with the inclusion of spiritual. The idea of this circle is that you want to have balance between each of these. If you are unbalanced in these areas it wil lead to less wellness.
- the next is respect, wisdom, responsibility, relationships. the idea of this is that wisdom comes from people who hacve a lot of experience. respect for yourself and others. Need to take responsibility for oneself AND others. this is not highly individualistic. It is more to have strong health and wellness you need to include community. Relationships are hugely important. With yourself, your family, your broader community.
- land, nations, community, and family. It is important to think about the role of land in first nations health and wellness. We are connected ot the land. It nourishes us, provides for us. Relating to nature can increase our sense of well-being. There are western studies saying that the importance of your relationship with nature is a big thing. One of the problems that is inherent here is that ex. for musquem people they don’t have access to several areas of their land and resources which is impacting the wellness of these communities. First nations don’t have belief about owning land. Their full mental health circle is compromised when their land is taken over. This is a pretty ealry on circle.
- social, environmental, cultural, economic. Housing, access to food, being able to survive as a human being etc. Part of the economic piece here is that you have enough and you contribute to others. It is very reciprocal. It’s not about greed. cultural is preserving pieces of your culture like language etc.
- the last is people. all different people as a community encapsulating the values and working together.
What is the First Nation Mental Wellness Approach?
approach here is a continuum across circles. Looking at all things being important. You want to be approaching wellness in the community.
- wellness across continuum (circles)
- foundation (cultural and traditional healing)
- services appropriate to needs
- integrated services
- local Nation-based approaches
What does wellness across the continuum mean in the circles in the FN mental wellness approach?
Wellness across continuum (circles)
- enhance conditions that support wellness and address root causes of illness.
- you want to address root causes to make sure all of them are being prioritized.
What does foundation - cultural and traditional healing mean in the circles in the FN mental wellness approach?
- two-eyed seeing: include western perspective (as appropriate). there are pieces of the western approach that are valuable.
- part of this has to be the culturally appropriate and traditional healing.
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What does services appropriate to needs mean in the circles in the FN mental wellness approach?
- it reminds us to be humble we don’t need to know everything we are a place in time. We have certain knowledge but we do not have all the knowledge.
- trauma informed. individual trauma and general trauma and cultural trauma. There are biological changes that happen when there is a broad level of trauma within an entire community of people. Shifts are made and it takes A LOT of work to shift back. The shifts are passed down through epigenetics.
- person and family centered. Realizing how these relationships impact wellness for the person.
What does integrated services mean in the circles in the FN mental wellness approach?
addressing person’s whole needs (vs. individual treatments for different needs)
looking at where things are coming from. Why is this person depressed. Instead of just doing CBT look into do the work on their relationships. This is more focused on the root of whats going on not just the symptoms. Maybe there are relational issues in the family or not having a sense of safety etc.
- this is more of a holistic approach.
What does local nation-based approaches mean in the circles in the FN mental wellness approach?
increasing sense of cultural identity. sense of belonging because you exist in the context of your culture. You are part of the past and the future with this culture. This is a way of saying you are part of us.
you see this in the western world too. It is always recommended to have a sense of belonging.
What are the Major Western Paradigms? (6)
- biological
- psychoanalytic
- cognitive
- humanistic/existential
- learning/behavioural
- cognitive
there is overlap between these.
what are the questions you should consider about paradigms?
- what is the function of a paradigm?
- how is a paradigm useful?
- can it also interfere with understanding? How?
Explain the biological paradigm (3-4 things)
In the biological paradigm, mental illness results from dysfunctional biological processes:
- could be something is up with biochemistry (neurotransmitters)
- could be behavioural genetics (you have your genes based on how you live in the environment. Those genes can be turned on and off and so your genetic expression can be different
- biological insults (ex: using drugs)
what is agoraphobia?
fear of something happening when you’re out in the world. Usually present as I am afraid to leave the house.
What is temperament? How is temperament related to the biological paradigm?
- temperament (an aspect of personality) - strongly influenced by genes
temperament is biological but it doesn’t mean that it would go in our little organized section of things or just in the bio piece.
We have the Big 5 dimensions of temperament (OCEAN)
- openness (to new experiences)
- conscientiousness (like organization)
- extraversion (more interest in interaction)
- agreeableness (going along with people)
- neuroticism (tendency to have negative reactions to things)
What are the Big Five neurotransmitters? (NTs)
NE : norepinephrine - excitatory (arousal, makes things happen, readiness for action)
GABA: gamma aminbutyric acid - inhibitory (chill one, behaviour, and emotion) more GABA mean more chill
DA: Dopamine - motivation and reward (motivation towards reward)
5-HT: Serotonin - regulates (mood, appetite, sleep, impulse control)
GLU: glutamate - excitatory (learning and memory)
Exam Matt case study through the biological paradigm.
Which NTs are most likely important?
How would you describe his 5 dimensions of temperament?
NTs?
- low serotonin (probably not well regulated)
- High norepinephorine (excitatory)
- dopamine (with OCD you never get a sense of accomplishment)
- does not have a lot of GABA going on.
- does not have high Extraversion
- high in neuroticism
temperament?
- probably not very open to new experience
- conscientiousness high
- extraversion probably not
- agreeableness probably no
- high neuroticism
What is the psychoanalytic paradigm?
Classic Freudian Theory:
Id: pleasure principle (basic urges for food, warmth, sex). Basically how you stay alive.
Ego: Reality principle (task is to deal with reality). Basically decides how you deal with what you are actually faced with. Like I want these things but I am faced with these things so I have to do this.
superego: conscience (what is “right” and “wrong”)
within this we have these defence mechanisms which are strategies to basically protect the ego from feeling bad about itself.
what are the 8 defence mechanisms under the psychoanalytic approach?
repression: if there is an impulse the reaction is to bury it. (repression is you literally have pushed it down to the point that it isn’t even in your awareness)
Denial: if there is a traumatic event the reaction is to say it never happened. (this is that its still kind of in your conscience and you are denying it)
Projection: I’m not mad, you’re mad
Displacement: if you are mad at your parent you will yell at your dog
rationalization: I lied because I didn’t want to upset you.
Reaction Formation: If you are Mad at your parent, you will go snuggle them.
Regression: an 18 year old is sad so they suck their thumb.
Sublimation: I want to hit him. I will instead invent murder rap. You often see sublimation in art.
Examine Matt Case study through the psychoanalysis paradigm
which aspects of Matt’s thoughts and behaviour are most important?
What additional info might you want?
- Id, ego, and superego functioning?
superego is very prominent for matt
most prominent thoughts or behaviours as defence mechanism?
- denial saying “I did not think that”
you might want to know where these beleifs came from?
does OCD run in the family?
What is learning/behavioural paradigm? What are the 2 learning processes?
all behaviour is learned, meaning psychological disorders come from learning
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
association of unrelated elements due to repeated pairing
Ex: the sound of a bag opening was classically conditioned with treats.
you have a neutral stimulus like the sound of a bag and you associate it with the sound of treats and every time you hear it you become alert to the expectation of treats.
What is operant conditioning? What is it based on?
operant conditioning is based on the Law of Effect. The law of effect says
There is a behaviour followed by:
- pleasant consequences which increases the behaviour .
or
- unpleasant consequences which decrease behaviour.
pleasant consequences are positive or negative reinforcement (negative reinforcement is relief, taking away the scary thing like turning off an alarm clock)
unpleasant consequences are positive or negative punishment.
What is Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory?
Step 1: classical conditioning. Emotional Response to Neutral stimulus
Step 2: Operant conditioning.
Learned avoidance of (previously neutral) conditioned stimulus.
Examine Matt case study through the learning behavioural paradigm?
how might conditioning help explain Matt’s problems?
classical conditioning may have played a role. Maybe there was a punishment in the past of saying (and not even thinking) anything that is not religious
UNDERSTAND THIS ONE BETTER I”M CONFUSED.
