Lecture 2 Flashcards
lots of fundamental terms that are needed for the rest of the class (48 cards)
Homology
similarity in organs from different organisms as a result of inheritance from a common ancestor
Analogy
functional similarity among non-homologous organs
phylogenetic
the study of genealogical relationships
systematics
the study of means by which to interpret or organize such information
cladograms
a means of graphically portraying evolutionary patterns/relationships on ‘trees’
monophyletic groups
a group with the ancestor and all of its decedents
taxonomy
the science of classification or naming groups
character states
various forms of individual attributes; e.g. blonde vs brunette hair color
to delineate relationships we use
shared derived (evolutionarily changed) characters
primitive or plesiomorphic character states
things that are constant and do not change
shared derived/evolutionarily changed characters
things that change among species throughout time; used to make a cladogram
what means is considered the most likely path evolution takes
the most parsimonious/simplest means of character acquisition
every cladogram is a ________ of how evolution proceeded
theory
transformation series
a pattern of evolutionary change in character states through time within a clade
outgroup analysis
analyzing the outgroups of a clade
outgroup taxa
closely related lineages to the one of interest
sister clade
the first outgroup of a section
polarity
the patterns of change or stasis (no change)
vestigiality
organs that are no longer being used for their original function
atavism
throw-back structures; a feature that’s brought back from a previous evolution
fossils
remains of ancient life
only 0.1% or less of species that ever lived are
represented by living forms
a huge morphological bias in making tress is
teeth since tooth enamel is the most durable tissue in the body
for terrestrial animals, fossils are mostly from
fluvial and arid environments; bones are buried quickly
