Lecture 5

Question 1

fat-filled livers, light cartilage endoskeletons, and pectoral fins are traits of

Answer 1

pelagic sharks

Question 2

pelagic sharks have pectoral fins that act like

Answer 2

gliding planes

Question 3

pelagic sharks have heterocercal tails that are

Answer 3

lift-generating

Question 4

Osteichthyes are characterized by

Answer 4

heavily ossified endoskeletons, a bony opercula (protecting the gills), and lungs

Question 5

in Osteichthyes lungs are an

Answer 5

outgrowth of the pharynx

Question 6

osteichthyans have _________, also known as scale hairs

Answer 6

lepidotrichia

Question 7

one major branch of osteichthyans is the

Answer 7

Actinopterygian, ray-finned fish

Question 8

actinopterygian primitively have

Answer 8

ganoid scales with lots of enamel

Question 9

by the Triassic period, ________ show up and take over

Answer 9

Neopretygians

Question 10

neopterygians are characterized by

Answer 10

mobile jaws (can take big bites), swim bladders, cycloid and ctenoid scales made only of bone, and homocercal tails

Question 11

at about the same time that Actinopterygians show up, the sister clade ___________ develops in stagnant waters

Answer 11

Sarcopterygians

Question 12

sarcopterygians are characterized by

Answer 12

endochondral bones outside of the body wall, lobed fins, and lots of cosmine (dentine)

Question 13

lobed fins are thought to have evolved for

Answer 13

benthic maneuvering in shallow freshwater

Question 14

distant living outgroup of tetrapod’s are

Answer 14

Actinistia aka coelacanths

Question 15

sister taxon closer to tetrapods is the

Answer 15

Rhipidistia

Question 16

Rhipidistia are characterized by

Answer 16

labyrinthian teeth, obligate airbreathers,

Question 17

Dipnoi aka lungfish are living examples of

Answer 17

Rhipidistia

Question 18

air is 700 times less dense than water and thus

Answer 18

provides less buoyancy

Question 19

water is in short supply on land, facilitating

Answer 19

desiccation, aka drying out

Question 20

air does not have the ________ of water

Answer 20

thermal stability

Question 21

Tetrapoda are characterized by

Answer 21

possession of dactylous limbs, aka having digits.

Question 22

Dactylous limbs are also called ______ in lab

Answer 22

Chiridium

Question 23

the first tetrapod was a

Answer 23

four-footed fish, did not live on land

Question 24

the first of two major diversifications of tetrapod’s was

Answer 24

Amphibia

Question 25

amphibia is defined by having

Answer 25

four or fewer prominent manual digits (fingers)

Question 26

ancient amphibians are

Answer 26

Lissamphibia

Question 27

Lissamphibia remnants in modern day are

Answer 27

legless caecilians, salamanders, and frogs.

Question 28

Lissamphibia are characterized by

Answer 28

incompletely ossified ankles and short ribs

Question 29

other major tetrapod lineage is the

Answer 29

Reptilmorpha

Question 30

Reptilemorpha lead to

Answer 30

reptiles, birds, and mammals

Question 31

reptilemorpha are characterized by a ____________ phalangeal formula

Answer 31

2,3,4,5,4

Question 32

amoniota, evolved from tetrapods, are characterized by

Answer 32

keratinized skin, two or more sacral vertebrae, and amniote eggs

Question 33

amniotes break into two major groups:

Answer 33

sauropsids and synapsids

Question 34

sauropsids are animals with a

Answer 34

foot that rotates under their body

Question 35

turtles, thought to have come from sauropsids, have a

Answer 35

dorsal carapace of expanded ribs and surface skin and ventral plastron of fused bone

Question 36

Diapsida broke from the anapsid mold by evolving

Answer 36

two temporal fenestrae aka holes behind the eyes

Question 37

the two major divisions of diapsida were

Answer 37

lepidosauromorphs (lizards and sea monsters), and Archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds)

Question 38

lepidosauromorphs includes the

Answer 38

lepidosaurs (tuataras, lizards, and snakes) with a transverse cloacal slit

Question 39

Squamata are what we think of as snakes and lizards, characterized by

Answer 39

having hemipenes

Question 40

Archosauromorphs, including crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds, are characterized by

Answer 40

socketed teeth

Question 41

Archosaurs also have

Answer 41

antorbital fenestrae (holes in front of the eyes and behind the nose)

Question 42

Ornithosuchia (lagosuchids, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs) are characterized by

Answer 42

mesotarsal ankles, more upright posture

Question 43

Pterosaurs are

Answer 43

flying reptiles with wings supported by the fourth finger

Question 44

Powered flight also evolved in

Answer 44

birds and bats

Question 45

Dinosaurs have

Answer 45

3 or more sacral vertebrae

Question 46

Aves (aka animals with feathered wings) were

Answer 46

theropods (meat-eating dinosaurs) with hollow bones

Question 47

Synapsids (mammals and there ancestors) have

Answer 47

only a lower temporal fenestra

Question 48

therapsids have a

Answer 48

heterodont dentition, aka incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

Question 49

Mammals are distinguished by the following features:

Answer 49

three ear bones in the inner ear to transmit sound waves, diphydont teeth (two sets), potentially hair and potentially mammary glands

Question 50

primitive mammal lineage is the

Answer 50

Monotremata

Question 51

monotremata are charcterized by

Answer 51

a claoca (like reptiles), laying cleidoic eggs, and reverse cusp pattern (big cusps are rostral)

Question 52

Therian mammals include

Answer 52

marsupials and placental mammals

Question 53

Placental mammals have

Answer 53

tribosphenic molars (slicers and crushers) and live birth

Question 54

Marsupials are characterized (primitively) by

Answer 54

primitive five upper incisors and an angle on their dentary

Question 55

Eutharians are characterized by

Answer 55

having a placenta during development