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Cardio Respiratory Lewis > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nose

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2
Q

What is rhinosinusitis

A

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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3
Q

How much are made up of rhino viruses that start rhinosinusitis

A

50%

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4
Q

Corona viruses how much

A

25%

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5
Q

Transient vasoconstriction of the mucous membrane is followed by

A

Vasodilatation

Mucus production

Oedema

Secondary infection

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6
Q

How is allergic rhinitis classified

A

Into two groups

Seasonal - pollen
Perennial - dust mite faeces

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7
Q

What is the nasal cross sectional area measurement

A

30mm2

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8
Q

Turbinates has an area of

A

150cm2

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9
Q

The nose is covered in what tissue

A

Vascular tissue

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10
Q

How do we get a blocked nose

A

The mucosa tissue swells restricting air flow

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11
Q

How is CSA categorised

A

Into two areas

Cheyne stokes respiration

Periodic breathing

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12
Q

How is the tongue held forward

A

High tone of genioglossus

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of OSA

A 
Sleep interruption
Daytime drowsiness
Snoring
Morning headaches
Night sweating
Nocturia
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14
Q

If someone is obese how does this affect OSA

A

Pressure is exerted by fat in the neck and causes the airway to collapse

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15
Q

Name some factors that could contribute to OSA

A 
Enlarged tonsils
Tumours
Abnormalities of the mandible
Alcohol
Sedative drugs
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16
Q

Most common treatment of OSA

A

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure

NCPAP

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17
Q

Other treatments of OSA

A

Removal of uvula and part of the soft palate but it can cause fluid going into the nose during drinking

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18
Q

What does OSA stand for

A

Obstructive sleep apnoea

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19
Q

What is laryngospasm

A

When the vocal folds of the larynx close

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20
Q

What is bronchoscopy

A

Used to inspect below the larynx where they can pass medical equipment down to take a sample of tissue or biopsy

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21
Q

What is the Reid index

A

It’s a measurement of the ratio between the thickness of the submucosal mucus secreting glands and the thickness between the epithelium and cartilage that covers the bronchi

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22
Q

What is the normal reading of the Reid index

A

40%

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23
Q

What occurs in the gland cells in chronic bronchitis

A

Hyperplasia

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24
Q

Is pulmonary circulation high or low pressure

A

Low pressure system

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25
Where do the veins trVel if they don't travel along the airways
Travel along the septa that seperate lung compartments
26
The airways at the bronchiole recieved nutrients from which circulation bronchial or pulmonary
Bronchial
27
Where does part of the bronchial circulation return to
Systemic venous system
28
What is a broncho pulmonary shunt
Some of the blood is shunted by draining back into the pulmonary veins instead of flowing in the systemic venous system
29
Normal pulmonary reading
15mmHg
30
What does hypertension cause
Extra pulmonary - narrowing, left ventricular failure that prevents blood moving away from the heart Intra pulmonary - changes pulmonary vessels by blocking them by fat, amniotic fluid, cancer.
31
Main result of pulmonary hypertension
Increased pressure producing a pumping load on the right heart. Resulting in oedema, chest pain, fatigue, modified heart sounds
32
If someone had a pulmonary oedema what will the xray look like
Butterfly shadow
33
What is pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura
34
What is dry pleurisy
No effusion Pain caused by the raw pleura moving across the other
35
What is wet pleurisy
Significant effusion If wet enough it can cause collapse of the lung
36
If effusions contain too much protein what is it called. If they contain less protein what is it
Lots - transudates Little - exudates
37
Rate of air transit through the nose
38
Air temperature in the nose is raised from 20C to what
20C - 31C
39
Temperature of the air by the time it reaches the trachea
35C
40
How many times more heat is used to vapour use water than to heat the air
5x
41
How much gets recovered in expiration
40%
42
What is counter current heat exchange
Mucosa of the nose is much colder than the exhales air from deep in the lungs forming condensation drops
43
Do smaller or larger droplets fall faster
Large drops fall faster
44
For particles to travel deep into the lungs what size will they need to be
Very small
45
What was stokes law
Terminal velocity of a falling sphere - radius 2
46
What is MMAD
Mass mean aerodynamic diameter
47
What size are 95% of particles
>5um
48
How do particles get trapped in the mucous of the nose and pharynx
Turbulence throws particles out of the airstream, particles are swept in mucous via cilia
49
How are small particles removed
Sedimentation
50
Particles get trapped in mucous and travel up what
Mucosillary escalator
51
How thick is the mucus blanket
5-10um
52
How fast do cilia beat
20Hz
53
Size of the smallest particles
54
How do particles stick to the wall if there is no mucus
Surface tension
55
What do particles get ingested by
Amoeboid macrophages
56
What is used in detoxification
Cytochrome P450
57
Name some proteins that dilate some blood vessels
``` ATP ADP AMP Noradrenaline Bradykinin ```
58
Name a serotonin
5HT
59
Name an inflammatory response
Leukotrienes
60
Name some prostaglandins
PGE1, 2 | PGF2a
61
What do lungs activate and by what
Activate ANGI and ANGII By ACE
62
How much of ACE plasma is converted in a single pass through the lungs
80%
63
Name 5 non respiratory functions
1. Blood filtration 2. Blood fluidity 3. Blood capacity 4. Cooling 5. Behaviour

Cardio Respiratory Lewis (4 decks)

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