Lecture 2

Question 1

What chains does natural insulin have

Answer 1

A and b

Question 2

What chains will be present in artificial insulin

Answer 2

C chain

Question 3

What will happen to the single chain receptors when a molecule bonds

Answer 3

Dimerize

Question 4

What kinase can act in 2 ways

Answer 4

Janus kinase

Question 5

Once molecules and kinase bind what happens

Answer 5

Phosphorylate with the receptor

Question 6

How many lobes down the thyroid contain

Answer 6

2 lobes

Question 7

What are the thyroid hormones bound too

Answer 7

Iodine metabolism

Question 8

What does the thyroid hormones produce

Answer 8

Thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Question 9

What is present in the spaces between the follicle cells

Answer 9

Big protein Called thyroglobulin

Question 10

What is the space called in between the follicle cells

Answer 10

Colloid

Question 11

What is thyroxine

Answer 11

T4

Question 12

Another name for T4

Answer 12

Thyroxine

Question 13

What is thyroxine made of

Answer 13

2x molecules of tyrosine

Question 14

How many atoms does tyrosine have for it to be T3

Answer 14

3 molecules of iodine

Question 15

How many iodine atoms make T4

Answer 15

4 atoms

Question 16

Once joined with iodine does it make it unstable or stable

Answer 16

Stable

Question 17

What is iodine used for in the body

Answer 17

Nothing but without it thyroids don’t work

Question 18

What happens if there is no iodine present

Answer 18

No thyroid = no metabolism

Question 19

What will tell the thyroid to enhance production of hormones

Answer 19

Endocrine system

Question 20

What hormones are the main ones activated

Answer 20

T3 and T4

Question 21

What is the hormone that gets excreted through urine

Answer 21

T0

3 methylhistadine

Question 22

If we measure 3 methylhistadine what can we know from this

Answer 22

How much protein turnover there is

Question 23

Activation of T3 period

Answer 23

12 hours

Question 24

Activation of T4 duration

Answer 24

72 hours

Question 25

How long does T3 stay activated

Answer 25

1-2 days

Question 26

How long does T4 stay activated for

Answer 26

7-9 days

Question 27

If thyroid rate is high in the body what does this do to metabolism

Answer 27

Increases metabolism

Question 28

If thyroid production is low what does it do to the body

Answer 28

Slow the body down

Question 29

What does the thyroid do in the body

Answer 29

Influences growth Maturation Development

Question 30

If thyroid hormones are no present in children what will happen

Answer 30

Physically and mentally impaired

Question 31

What's catecholamine do

Answer 31

Activated adrenalin

Question 32

What activates adrenaline

Answer 32

Catecholamine

Question 33

If you have a peptide chain that can only produce chains or 12 amino acids but you have chains containing 3 amino acids how is it possible

Answer 33

They get cut

Question 34

The parathyroid glands are found in the thyroids how many glands are there and where are they located

Answer 34

4 glands Posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 35

What condition causes swelling of the neck

Answer 35

Goitre

Question 36

Do thyroid gland sizes vary amongst populations

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

What is the cause of goitre

Answer 37

Deficiency of iodine

Question 38

TSH

Answer 38

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 39

Common cause of an enlarged thyroid

Answer 39

Presence of an auto antibodies that act on the thyroid to stimulate growth and hormone secretion (Graves' disease)

Question 40

Where does the blood supply come from

Answer 40

External carotid | Subclavian arteries

Question 41

The rate of blood flow is regulated by

Answer 41

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Question 42

What is the normal rate of blood through the thyroid

Answer 42

30-60mL / min

Question 43

In disorders what is the rate of blood flow through the thyroid

Answer 43

1L/min

Question 44

How does the thyroid gland make thyroid hormones activate

Answer 44

By adding iodine

Question 45

How is iodine taken up by follicular cells

Answer 45

Sodium / iodine sum porter

Question 46

Thyroglobulin is rich in

Answer 46

Tyrosine residues

Question 47

Where does iodine and thyroglobulin get secreted

Answer 47

Into colloid

Question 48

What catalysed the reaction between pairs of tyrosine residues and iodine

Answer 48

Enzyme called thyroperoxidase

Question 49

How long does thyroid hormones get stored for

Answer 49

5-6 weeks

Question 50

How does thyroxine get released

Answer 50

Follicular cells stimulated to produce thyroid hormones Drops of the colloid are taken up by the cell forming vesicles Vesicles fuse with lysosomes that contain enzymes that cut thyroglobulin to release thyroxine

Question 51

Where does the thyroid gland releases hormones and why

Answer 51

In to the blood. They are fat soluble so must circulate in the blood to attach to thyroid binding globulin TBG

Question 52

Molecular name for T3

Answer 52

Tri iodothyronine

Question 53

Molecular name for T4

Answer 53

Tetra iodothyronine

Question 54

How is thyroxine converted into T3

Answer 54

Peripheral deiodination

Question 55

What is the inactivated T3 called

Answer 55

Reverse T3

Question 56

What regulates the thyroid gland

Answer 56

Peptide hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 57

Where are the receptors for thyroid glands

Answer 57

Intracellular receptors. Nucleus of the target cell

Question 58

Clinical name for hyperthyroidism

Answer 58

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 59

What is Graves' disease

Answer 59

Autoimmune condition Auto antibodies are made against the thyroid and stimulate TSH receptor. Auto antibodies take over the control of the thyroid from TSH

Question 60

Thyroid hormones derive from

Answer 60

Tyrosine

Question 61

Hyperthyroidism is caused by

Answer 61

Dietary iodine deficiency

Question 62

What is the aim of thyroid treatment

Answer 62

To keep plasma thyroxine at or below 4mI/L