Lecture 2 Flashcards
Explain associative learning
Basics of Ivan Pavlov’s discovery of conditioned reflexes serve as historical backdrop for current learning theories
- classical or “pavlovian” conditioning
Most popular form of classical conditioning?
Looking at dog digestion: US = food UR = salivation CS = bell CR = salivation
What becomes an executor of the behaviour in classical conditioning?
the CS
Unconditioned response
natural reaction, not a learned behaviour
e. g. fear caused by a loud explosion
e. g. salivation to the smell of food
What is conditioned inhibition?
two procedures to induce conditioned inhibition
- differential inhibition
- conditioned inhibition
In both procedures, CS#2 becomes an inhibitor of behaviour
Explain differential inhibition
CS#1 –> US
CS#2 –> no US
Explain conditioned inhibition
Step 1. CS#1 –> US
Step 2. CS#1 + CS#2 –> no US
- when presented together, CS#2 acts as an inhibitor
What are two tests to test conditioned inhibition?
- Summation
2. retardation of acquisition
Explain summation
CS#3 (a CS+) is presented with CS#2 = no CR
Explain retardation of acquisition
CS#2 –> US = the CR will develop very slowly
Drugs of abuse would be considered?
the unconditioned stimuli
- activation of the reward pathway
Effects of physiology due to the injection of drugs of abuse would be considered?
unconditioned response
Drug predictive stimuli would be considered?
Conditioned stimuli
- S-S learning
Alternative S-S* learning
- pseudo-conditioning
2. sensitization
Explain pseudo-conditioning
increased responding to the CS that occurs because of mere exposure to the US
Explain sensitization (S-S* learning)
increased responding tot he CS that occurs because of mere exposure to the CS
Explain post-conditioning devaluation (US devaluation)
- Associates CS with US –> response
- direct link between CS and UR
- change value of US as result of test
- during test, take food and pair with something nasty
- devaluate = make dog sick - redo test the next day - what does the animal do?
- if it salivates, no concept of food
- if it doesn’t salivate = bell reminds animal of food (usually CR goes away when US is devaluated)
–> Supports Pavlov’s S-S theory
Explain second order conditioning
First order CS = tone
First order conditioning = tone –> food (conditioning)
TEST: tone induces salivation
Second order CS = light
Second order conditioning = light –> tone
TEST: light induces salivation (even though light was never directly paired with food)
Explain sensory pre-conditioning
similar to second order conditioning but CS-CS association done before US is introduced
1. sensory pre-conditioning: tone light
2. conditioning: tone –> food
TEST: tone induces salivation, so does light
Important characteristic of CS?
Don’t choose a CS, that by itself can produce a strong response
Components of eye blink conditioning
US = puff of air to the eye CS = tone UR = eye blink CR = eye blink
Components of fear conditioning
US = foot shock CS = tone UR = jumping CR = automatic/somatic responses
Example of contextual conditioning
rat in a two sided box - alternating shots of heroin/saline
- rat chooses side in which it was previously injected with heroin
3 types of conditioned responses
- automatic - increase in heart rate, salivation, sweating
- motivational - emotions, change in affect
- somatic - movement toward/away stimulus
