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SP2 Integumentary > Lecture 2/5 1/24/25 & 2/3/25 > Flashcards

Lecture 2/5 1/24/25 & 2/3/25 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general characteristics of pyoderma?

A

-common in dogs
-rare in cats
-develops secondary to underlying disease, allergy, immunosuppression, or change in microenvironment

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2
Q

What typically causes pyoderma in cats?

A

self trauma

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3
Q

What are the physical barriers to infection?

A

-stratum corneum
-hair

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4
Q

What are the physiologic barriers to infection?

A

-cell turnover rate
-sebum

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5
Q

What are the immunologic barriers to infection?

A

-Langerhans cells
-lymphocytes
-immunoglobulins
-sweat

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6
Q

How does the skin flora differ between a healthy animal and an animal with pyoderma?

A

pyoderma has non-diverse bacteria, while healthy patients have diverse skin flora

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7
Q

What aspects of disease allow for pyoderma development?

A

-alteration of barrier function
-alteration of microenvironment
-suppression of immune system

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8
Q

What are the steps to bacteria causing pyoderma?

A

-adherence to the skin
-colonization of the skin
-invasion of abnormal skin

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9
Q

Which bacteria species is the primary residential on the skin?

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Which bacteria can be transients on the skin?

A

-E. coli
-Proteus spp.
-Pseudomonas spp
-Staph.
-Strep.
-Corynebacterium spp.

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11
Q

What can transient bacteria do once on the skin?

A

-colonize abnormal skin
-become a secondary invader to Staph.

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12
Q

Which Staph. species are of greatest concern?

A

-Staph. pseudintermedius
-Staph. aureus

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of concerning Staph. species?

A

-coagulase positive
-beta-lactamase positive

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of methicillin resistance?

A

-implies resistance to drugs with beta-lactam ring structure
-altered penicillin binding protein with a poor affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics

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15
Q

What is multi-drug resistance?

A

resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes

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16
Q

What is extensive drug resistance?

A

only 1 or 2 antibiotic classes remain that the bacteria is NOT resistant to

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17
Q

What are the pyoderma classifications?

A

-surface colonization/bacterial overgrowth
-superficial
-deep

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of skin fold dermatitis/intertrigo?

A

-skin folds are anatomic defect
-can see erythema, exudation, +/- pruritus within the folds
-can be malodorous
-must differentiate from folliculitis/furunculosis

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19
Q

How is surface colonization diagnosed?

A

-history and physical exam
-scrape
-surface cytology

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20
Q

What are the treatment steps for surface colonization?

A

-cleanse with antibacterial agents
-keep dry
-NO steroid products
-NO systemic antibiotics
-surgical revision for severe folds

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21
Q

What is superficial pyoderma/folliculitis?

A

-infection under the stratum corneum and/or within the hair follicles
-typically Staph. pseudintermedius

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of impetigo?

A

-“puppy pyoderma”/dogs < 1 year old
-occurs in non-haired areas
-can be pruritic or asymptomatic
-usually no underlying cause
-typically does not require treatment

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23
Q

what is the primary differential for impetigo?

A

Demodicosis spp.

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24
Q

How is impetigo diagnosed?

A

-physical exam
-scrape
-cytology
-response to treatment/topical antimicrobials

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25
What pattern of lesions is seen with folliculitis?
-lesions on trunk: can be generalized or ventral or dorsal in localization -spares the legs and head
26
What are the clinical signs of folliculitis?
-papules -pustules -crusted papules -epidermal collarettes -moth-eaten, patchy alopecia
27
What is folliculitis secondary to?
an underlying disease process that damages the skin barrier function
28
What are the most common causes of folliculitis?
-pyoderma -demodicosis -dermatophytosis -sterile/autoimmune; pemphigus foliaceus
29
What are the indicated diagnostic tests for folliculitis?
-deep skin scrape -cytology of papule/pustule/crust -+/- fungal culture
30
What are the treatment steps for folliculitis?
-topical treatment; shampoo or spray -systemic antibiotics -corticosteroid "itch buster" course; 3-5 days
31
Why should long courses of corticosteroids be avoided in folliculitis?
it causes the clinical signs to go away without treating the underlying cause; difficult to determine if true resolution has occurred
32
What are the characteristics of pyotraumatic dermatitis?
-"hot spot"/acute moist dermatitis -always acute -caudal dorsum or facial lesions -main cause is flea allergy dermatitis
33
What are the treatment steps for pyotraumatic dermatitis?
-clip and clean -topical antiseptics such as chlorhexidine -AVOID topical steroids -use oral steroids and/or anti-itch medications -only use systemic antibiotics if indicated -correct predisposing cause; typically fleas
34
Why are oral steroids used to treat pyotraumatic dermatitis?
because it is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
35
What are the characteristics of furunculosis?
-infection spread beyond the follicle -follicular rupture -release of hair, keratin, and bacteria -causes pyogranulomatous inflammation -can cause nodules +/- draining tracts
36
What can furunculosis be secondary to?
-allergic disease -endocrinopathy -abnormal barrier +/- immune system suppression -possibly neoplasia
37
What are the primary pathogens in furunculosis?
-Staph. pseudintermedius -Pseudomonas spp. -Serratia spp. -Proteus spp. -E. coli
38
What is important regarding furunculosis treatment?
-must culture in most cases to determine effective treatment -cytology findings and antibiotic history are important
39
What are the clinical signs of furunculosis?
-papules to nodules -hemorrhagic bullae -draining lesions -blood and pus -lymphadenopathy -painful +/- systemically ill
40
What are the top differentials for furunculosis?
-infectious causes -neoplasia -foreign body -sterile inflammatory conditions/autoimmune
41
What are the steps to furunculosis diagnosis?
-history and physical exam -deep skin scrape -cytology -culture and susceptibility -blood work to look for underlying disease
42
What are the characteristics of chin acne3?
-affects chin and muzzle -typically in young dogs -predilection for certain breeds -may improve with puberty -top rule out is demodicosis
43
What are the characteristics of nasal pyoderma?
-occurs on bridge of nose and medial canthus -NOT on nasal planum -predilection for certain breeds -sudden onset -want to rule out demodicosis, dermatophytosis, and hypersensitivity
44
What are the clinical signs of interdigital pyoderma?
-papules/nodules/bullae -draining lesions -lameness
45
What are the characteristics of post-grooming furunculosis?
-typically Pseudomonas spp. -signs present a few days after bathing -deep, painful lesions; especially on dorsum -neutrophils on cytology; may see rod bacteria -should culture
46
What are the characteristics of acral lick dermatitis?
-raised, ulcerated firm mas over the distal extremity -secondary to chronic licking -may be in response to pain or foreign body -ALWAYS infected -ALWAYS secondary
47
What are the inciting causes of acral lick dermatitis?
-allergies -arthritis -infection -previous trauma -prior surgery -neoplasia -foreign body -behavioral
48
What are the perpetuating factors of acral lick dermatitis?
-bacterial infection -keratin foreign bodies -osteomyelitis
49
How is acral lick dermatitis diagnosed?
-deep skin scrape -cytology -biopsy -culture -radiography
50
What are the steps to treatment for acral lick dermatitis?
-treat underlying infection with 4-6 weeks of systemic antibiotics following a culture -identify underlying cause -+/- behavior modification to break cycle
51
What are the characteristics of mucocutaneous pyoderma?
-superficial to deep pyoderma of lips or other mucosal sites -presents with swelling, erythema, depigmentation, and crusting -seen around nares, medial canthus, vulva, prepuce, anus -can result from conformation, endocrinopathy, or allergy
52
Which topical therapies can be used?
-chlorhexidine -benzoyl peroxide -mupirocin (focal) -nisin wipes
53
Which cases have an indication for topical therapy?
all cases except pets with contact allergies
54
When is empirical systemic antibiotic treatment indicated?
-Staph. pseudintermedius -uncomplicated superficial pyoderma -recurrent infections when previous antibiotic treatment completely resolved infection
55
Which antibiotics should NOT be used for empirical treatment?
-penicillin -ampicillin -amoxicillin -tetracycline -fluoroquinolones
56
When is empirical treatment NOT indicated?
-deep infection -poor response -recurrent infections -immunosuppression -rods on cytology
57
What duration of antibiotic therapy should be used?
first time superficial pyoderma and recurrent infections: -minimum of 3 weeks -1 week past clinical resolution deep infections: -6 to 12 weeks -2 weeks past clinical resolution
58
What can lead to treatment failure?
-antibacterial resistance -wrong antibiotic, dose, and/or time frame -wrong diagnosis
59
What are the reasons for recurrence?
-incomplete duration of treatment -underdosing -concurrent steroid treatment -underlying causes
60
How is recurrent pyoderma managed?
-look for underlying cause -complete consistent and frequent topical therapy -avoid underdosage and brief durations of treatment

SP2 Integumentary (24 decks)

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