lecture 2

Question 1

describe a production system

Answer 1

if and then rules
memory containing knowledge
when if part of a rule matches the memory the then part is carried out with content of memory
can have conflict resolution strategy to select one rule if two or more if parts are matched -> for example a success value

Question 2

describe the ERP(event related potential ) technique used in studying the brain

Answer 2

a set of electrodes are placed on the head and they measure the electric activity on the scalp during events. The brain waves are segmented and averaged. high temporal resolution

Question 3

describe the fMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) technique used in studying the brain

Answer 3

non invasive indirect measure of brain activity because the blood contains oxygen. and active regions demand more oxygen. high spatial resolution

Question 4

describe the MEG(magneto encephalography ) technique used in studying the brain

Answer 4

measures magnetic fields produced by the brain –> high temporal solution && moderate spatial resolution

Question 5

describe the neural network(connectionist model)

Answer 5

simple processing units
units are connected via links
links have weights
activation is passed between units

Question 6

describe the single cell recording technique used in studying the brain

Answer 6

a micro electrode is inserted into the brain and measures the activity of a single neuron. This results in high temporal and spatial resolution

Question 7

Describe(basic description) the stroop Task

Answer 7

name in english the color in which the word is written, while each word is written in a certain color. But the word itsels spells out a certain color.

Question 8

explain donders substractive method for an A task(e.g. simple reaction task)

Answer 8

a simple reaction time task - e.g. you are seated in front of a panel that contains a light bulb and a response button. When the light comes on, you must press the button.
RT = NSCT

Question 9

explain donders substractive method for an B task(e.g. choice reaction time task)

Answer 9

you are seated in front of 2 light bulbs, each with their own button. You must press the button corresponding to the appropriate light.
RT = NSCT + identification (S1 vs S2)

Question 10

explain donders substractive method for an C task(e.g. dicrimination reaction time task)

Answer 10

e.g. you are seated in front of a panel with 2 light bulbs and one reponse button. When the target light(S1) goes on you must press the button - but not if the other light(S2) come on.
RT = NSCT + identification(S1 vs S2)

Question 11

how do we express XOR in connectionist model

Answer 11

by introducing hidden units, thus multi level networks

Question 12

how to set a neutral baseline for the stroop task

Answer 12

by showing random words in a certain color, e.g. TAFEL, or XXXX

Question 13

name 4 basic assumtions in cognitive psychology

Answer 13

-information processing is accessible to experimental investigation
-human information processing is active,
not just passively taking up information
and forming associations
-mental processes can be inferred from
human behavior in carefully controlled
(experimental) settings

Question 14

name the four types of information processing and examples

Answer 14

-serial : turn ignition -> step on gas
-parallel: talking while driving
-Top Down vs Bottom Up:
top down = mind -> external world
bottom up = external world -> mind

Question 15

name two computational modals of cognitive function

Answer 15

production systems and neural networks(connectionist models)

Question 16

regarding the stroop task, what does congruent mean

Answer 16

the meaning of the word and the color in which it is written are the same

Question 17

regarding the stroop task, what does incongruent mean

Answer 17

the meaning of the word and the color in which it is written differ

Question 18

what are possible depending variables regarding the stroop task

Answer 18

reaction time

response accuracy

Question 19

what are possible indepent variables regarding the stroop task

Answer 19

congruent vs incongruent

small vs large font of letters

Question 20

What are the disadvantages of the fMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) technique used in studying the brain

Answer 20

expensive
poor temporal rsolution
indirect measure of brain activity

Question 21

what are the disadvantages of the ERP(event related potential ) technique used in studying the brain

Answer 21

• limited spatial resolution
• many trials required
• distorted electrical fields because theyhave to travel through brain and skull tissue
• largely blind to subcortical activity

Question 22

what are the disadvantages of the single cell recording technique used in studying the brain

Answer 22

• highly invasive
• expensive
• high cognitive activities require larger populations of neurons

Question 23

what are the limitations of the MEG(magneto encephalography ) technique used in studying the brain

Answer 23

• expensive
• new and complicated technique
• uncomfortable for participant

Question 24

what are the two key assumptions of cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 24

functional modularity: brain consists of modules with possible domain specificity
anatomical modularity: each module is located in specific brain region

Question 25

what is a cascading stage in information processing model

Answer 25

a stage that can pass partial results to next stage

Question 26

what is a dependent variable

Answer 26

something the researches observes/measures

Question 27

what is a discrete stage in the information processing model

Answer 27

a stage that passes only its final result to the next stage

Question 28

what is an experiment with a two by two design and give an example

Answer 28

its an experiment with two crossed factors(independent variables) with two levels of each factor for example in the stroop task congruent vs incongruent AND small and large icon fonts

Question 29

what is an indepent variable

Answer 29

experimental conditions, e.g. the level could be the ratio of congruent vs incongruent words.

Question 30

what is cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 30

The attempt to understand human cognition by studying brain-damaged patients

Question 31

what is cognitive neuroscience

Answer 31

The attempt to use information about behaviour AND the brain to understand human cognition

Question 32

what is double dissociation

Answer 32

two patients group with almost similar impairments perform two tasks, in which one group excels and other group not. can be used to provide reasonable evidence of modularity/partial independence

Question 33

what is single dissociation

Answer 33

patients with brain damage are impaired in one task compared to controls but not in another task

Question 34

what is the anatomical modularity assumption of cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 34

each module is located in specific brain region

Question 35

what is the functional modularity assumption of cognitive neuropsychology

Answer 35

cognitive system consists of indepent processing units => modules and the exhibit domain specificity

Question 36

why is XOR not possible in connectionist model

Answer 36

because it cannot be linearly separated