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Principles immunology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

(36 cards)

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1
Q

What is primary lymphoid tissue

A

Site of production for B cells and T cells

  • Bone marrow and thymus
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2
Q

What is secondary lymphoid tissue

A

sites where B and T cells become activated by antigen

  • Lymph nodes
  • Pyers patch
  • Adenoid tonsils
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3
Q

What is lymphoedma

A
  • Lymphatic obstruction
  • Inherited
  • Cancer treatment
  • Parasitic infections
  • Tissues with lyphodema are at are higher risk of infection
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4
Q

Describe the features of the innate immune system

A
  • Rapid responce - mins to hrs
  • The same responce is produced to a many different pathogens
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5
Q

Describe the adaptive immune systems

A
  • Slow responce - days
  • Unique responce to each individual pathogen
  • Mediated by T cells and B lymphocytes
  • Immunological memory
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6
Q

Define acute inflammation

A
  • Rapidly cleared by the immune system
  • Lasting immunological memory
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7
Q

Describe latent infection

A
  • Controlled by the immune system
  • Periodic episode of pathogen reactivation and replication
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8
Q

Decribe Chronic infection

A
  • Immune system fails
  • On-going pathogen replication
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9
Q

How do the two system act in responce to an infection

A
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10
Q

How do the two systems communicate with each other

A
  1. Direct communication - Via receptor ligand interactions
  2. Indirect communication - production and secretion of cytokines
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11
Q

Describe the direct contact between the arms of the immund system

A

Via receptor ligand interactions

Examples

  • Peptide: MHC or TCR
  • PAMP: PRR
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12
Q

Decribe the indirect contact between the two arms

A

synthesis and secrtion of cytokines by activated immune cells or injured tissue cells​

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13
Q

Give some examples of cytokines

A
  • Interferones
  • TNF
  • leukoriences
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14
Q

What do virally-infected cells produce

A

Interferons - INF

​

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15
Q

What is the function of Interferons

A
  • Signals neighboring uninfected cells to destroy RNA and reduce proteins synthesis
  • Signaling neighboring infected cells to undergo Apoptosis
  • Activates immune cells - natural killer cells
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16
Q

What are the early innate immune responces

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Acute inflammation
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • NK cells
17
Q

How does the innate immune system recognise and respond to pathogens

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Recognition phase
  2. Activation phase
  3. Effector phase
18
Q

Describe the Recognition phase

Study These Flashcards
A

Pathogens express Pathogen associated Molecular Patterns - PAMPs

  • These are common to many different species of pathogen
  • Innate immune cells express Receptors for these PAMPs
  • Pattern-recognition receptors - PRR
  • PRR - are found on cell surface and intracellularly - for extra and intracellular pathogens
19
Q

Give examples of PAMP:PRRS

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Toll-like receptor 4 : Lypopolysaccharide LSP (gram -ve bacteria)
  2. Dectin 1 : B - Glucans (fungi)
  3. Toll like receptor 7 : ssRNA (viruses)
20
Q

What are all the innate immune cells that are tissue-resinant

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Natural killer cells
  • Dendritic cells
21
Q

How do apoptotic cells get cleared from the body

Study These Flashcards
A
  • When a cell undergoing apoptosis it releases Eat me signals
  • Binds to engulfment receptors on apoptotic body and is cleared
22
Q

Decribe the process of phagocytosis

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A
  • Apoptotic cell will release eat me signals which will bind to engulfment receptors on phagocyte
  • Formation of phagocytic cup
  • The cup will extend around the and pinch off forming a phagosome
  • Phagosome will fuse with a lysosome inside the macrophage
  • Formation of phagolysosome causes lysis its contents
  • Debris are released into the Extra-cellular fluid
  • at the same time cytokins like IL-10 are being released to dampen down any unwanted responces
23
Q

What happens when this is injury or infeciton to the tissue

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Early innate immune responces are triggered
  • Macrophages
  • NK cells
  • mast cell​

​ 2. Pathogens and infected tissue cells are killed

3. Production of inflammatory mediators

24
Q

What is the difference between macrophages phagocytosing pathogens and tissue cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Phagocytosing tissue cells - will released anti-inflammatory cytokines - IL-10
  • phagocytosing Pathogens - will released Pro-inflammatory cytokines + antigen presentation
25
What is contained within the phagolysosome
* **Lysozyme** * **Hydrolases** * **Proteases** * **Acidification**
26
Which bacteria can invade phagocytotic killing
* **Salmonella** * **Staph- aurous** * **Mycobacteria - TB**
27
How do macrophages deal such pathogens
* Enhancement of phagocytosis by **pro-inflammatory** cytokines - e.g **IFNy** (NK cells) * Leads to production of toxic **Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species ROS/RNS** * **Now can present antigen on surface**
28
What is the function of Natural killer cells
Kill virally infected and tumour cells and ignore normal cells
29
How can NK cell differentiate between the normal cells and abdnormal cells
* Normal cells present **MHC Class 1** on their cell surface which allows them to **termed normal** * Where as an infected cell will not present **MHC Class one** - production of **pro-inflammatory mediators**
30
Describe how NK cells kill pathogens and enhance phagocytosis
* **Virus infectes cell -** which will result in **altered or absent MHC CLass 1 -** This will allow the infected cell to be detected and killed by the **NK cells** * **At same time indirect activation of IFNa/b** - pro-inflamatory cytokines * **Release of IFNy** - allows enhancement of macrophages - activation of **ROS/RNS** * Increased pathogen killing and antigen presentation by **macrophage**
31
What are some inflammatory Mediators that are produced during the innate responce
* **Nitric oxide** * **pro-inflammatory cytokines - TNFa** * **Prostaglandins/ leukotriens** * **Histamine**
32
What does production of inflammatory mediators cause
**localised aute inflammation**
33
What are the clinical features of acute inflammation
34
What is the acute phase responce
* Changes in concentration of plasma proteins in repsonce to inflammation * This is **driven by cytokines** produced during localised inflammatory responces * Changes due to altered **protein synthesis in the liver**
35
What are the acute phase proteins and whats their function
36
What is the role of **CRP** and how is it produced
* Used as **marker for inflammation** * Prevents spread of inflammation and prevents systemic inflammation * **produced in the liver in responce to production of - IL6 and IL-1b**

Principles immunology (5 decks)

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