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Clinical Epidemiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

prevalence formula

A 
# people who have disease at given point in time
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
# of people in population of interest
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2
Q

cumulative incidence formula

A 
# new cases of disease in a given time period 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
# people who can develop that disease
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3
Q

prevalence in relation to incidence and duration

A

prevalence = indidence x average duration

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4
Q

prevalence

A
  • the probability of having a disease at at given point in time
  • the pre-test probability
  • how common a disease is
  • gives you baseline probability
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5
Q

incidence

A
  • the proportion of new cases of disease in the population at risk of getting the disease over a given period of time
  • also known as risk
  • tells you about what could happen in the future
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6
Q

incidence versus prevalence

A
  • incidence based on new cases
  • prevalence based on new and old
  • incidence based on cases that develop over a specified period of time
  • prevalence is based on cases that exist at a single point in time
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7
Q

incidence density

A
  • the number of new cases of disease that develop over a given time period divided by person-time at risk of disease
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8
Q

if incidence increases and average duration remains the same

A
  • prevalence increases
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9
Q

if average duration of a disease increases and incidence stays the same

A
  • prevalence increases
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10
Q

attack rate

A
  • the proportion of people who develop the disease, among those at risk, during a specified time period
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11
Q

attack rate formula

A

new cases of disease in a given time period
___________________________________
persons at risk

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12
Q

case fatality rate

A
  • the proportion of people affected with a disease who die from it, in a given time period
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13
Q

case fatality rate formula

A

deaths from a disease in a given time period
____________________________________
number of persons who have that disease

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14
Q

mortality rate

A
  • the proportion of people who die, among those at risk of death, in a given time period
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15
Q

mortality rate formula

A

deaths in a given time period
__________________________
population at risk of dying

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16
Q

how to get estimates of pre-test probability?

A
  • knowledge of prevalence in your clinical site
  • medical literature
  • clinical predictions
  • clinical experience
17
Q

test threshold

A
  • separates “don’t test, don’t treat” zone from “test” zone
18
Q

treat threshold

A
  • separates “test” zone from “don’t test, treat” zone
19
Q

determines where the thresholds are set

A
  • accuracy of test
  • risk of test
  • seriousness of illness and benefit of treatment
  • risk of treatment
20
Q

accuracy of test

A
  • test threshold will be lower for more accurate tests
21
Q

risk of test

A
  • test threshold will be higher for more risker; invasive tests
22
Q

seriousness of illness and benefit of treatment

A
  • test and treatment thresholds will be lower for serious illnesses with beneficial treatment
23
Q

risk of treatment

A
  • treatment threshold will be higher for riskier treatment
24
Q

if pre-test probability is below test threshold

A
  • not wise to test for the condition at all because a positive test is more likely to be a false positive than a true positive
25
Q

rule in

A
  • moved above treat threshold
26
Q

rule out

A
  • moved below test threshold
27
Q

if pre-test probability is above the treat threshold

A
  • don’t test, just treat
28
Q

pattern recognition

A
  • one of the most efficient diagnostic strategies used by seasoned clinicians
29
Q

point prevalence

A
  • measured at a single point in time for each person
30
Q

period prevalence

A
  • describes cases that were present at any tine during a specified period of time
31
Q

another name for prevalence studies

A
  • cross-sectional studies

- people are studied at a “cross-section” of time

32
Q

cohort

A
  • population under examination in an incidence study
  • group of people having something in common when they are first assembled and are then followed over time for the development of outcome events
33
Q

another name for incidence studies

A
  • cohort studies
34
Q

cumulative incidence

A
  • describe the rate of new events in a group of people of fixed size, all members of which are observed over
    a period of time.
  • new cases are accumulated over time
35
Q

incidence density

A
  • to measure the number of new cases emerging in an ever-changing population, one in which individuals are under study and susceptible for varying lengths of time.
  • common for clinical trial companies
36
Q

denominator of incidence density measure

A
  • person-time
37
Q

dynamic populations

A
  • those in which some individuals in the population are entering and others leaving as time passes

Clinical Epidemiology (11 decks)

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