Lecture 2

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Change in genetic frequency in a population over time

Question 2

Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Unicellular, no nucleus, relatively small, usually one circular DNA molecule not complexed with histones in bacteria (some histones in archaea), relatively small amount of DNA, and no membrane bound organelles

Question 3

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

uni and multi cellular, nucleus, relatively large, multiple linear DNA molecules complexed with histones, relatively large amount of DNA, has membrane bound organelles

Question 4

Viruses

Answer 4

Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic; has an outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid; needs host cell reproduce

Question 5

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 5

Similar but not identical; each homolog carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same

Question 6

Diploid Cells

Answer 6

Carry two sets of genetic information

Question 7

Haploid Cells

Answer 7

Carry one set of genetic information

Question 8

Centromere

Answer 8

Attachment point for spindle microtubules

Question 9

Telomeres

Answer 9

Tips of a linear chromosome

Question 10

Origins of Replication

Answer 10

Where DNA synthesis begins

Question 11

Submetacentric Chromosomes

Answer 11

Centromere situated so that one chromosome arm is somewhat shorter than the other

Question 12

Metacentric Chromosomes

Answer 12

Centromere in the middle

Question 13

Telocentric Chromosomes

Answer 13

Centromere at the end with no short arm visible in a light microscope

Question 14

Acrocentric Chromosomes

Answer 14

Centromere near the end producing a short arm

Question 15

Interphase

Answer 15

Extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase

Question 16

M Phase

Answer 16

Mitotic phase

Question 17

G1 of Interphase

Answer 17

Growth; proteins necessary for cell division synthesized

Question 18

S of Interphase

Answer 18

DNA synthesis

Question 19

G2 of Interphase

Answer 19

Biochemical preparation for cell division

Question 20

G2/M Checkpoint

Answer 20

Only passed if DNA completely replicated and undamaged

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

Separation of sister chromatids

Question 22

Cytokinesis

Answer 22

Separation of cytoplasm; cell wall forms in plant cells

Question 23

G0 Phase

Answer 23

Stable, nondividing period of variable length

Question 24

Prophase

Answer 24

Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms

Question 25

Prometaphase

Answer 25

Nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

Question 26

Metaphase

Answer 26

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint

Question 27

Anaphase

Answer 27

Sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles

Question 28

Telophase

Answer 28

Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax

Question 29

Meiosis

Answer 29

Production of haploid gametes

Question 30

Fertilization

Answer 30

Fusion of haploid gametes

Question 31

Genetic Variation

Answer 31

Consequence of meiosis

Question 32

Meiosis 1

Answer 32

Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half

Question 33

Meiosis 2

Answer 33

Separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division

Question 34

Chromatid

Answer 34

Either of 2 daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes

Question 35

Synapsis

Answer 35

Close pairing of homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

Question 36

Tetrad

Answer 36

Closely associated four-sister chromatids of 2 homologous chromosomes

Question 37

Crossing Over

Answer 37

Crossing over of chromosome segments from the sister chromatid of one chromosome to the sister chromatid of the other synapsed chromosome; exchange of genetic information, the first mechanism that generates genetic variation in newly formed gametes

Question 38

Metaphase 1

Answer 38

Random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the metaphase plate

Question 39

Anaphase 1

Answer 39

Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and the random distribution of chromosomes into 2 newly divided cells; second mechanism of generating genetic variation in the newly formed gametes; chromosomes move toward opposite poles

Question 40

Telophase 1

Answer 40

Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides

Question 41

Prophase 1

Answer 41

Chromosomes begin to condense and the spindle forms; homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over takes place and the nuclear membrane breaks down