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Comparative Anatomy, function evolution > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do come from?

A

Metazoa

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2
Q

Characteristics of the metazoan vertebrates?

A

Multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic( contains nucleus and membrane protected organelles

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3
Q

Chordate evolution commences first with what?

A

Bilataria and Radiata

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4
Q

What is Bilataria?

A

where humans belong we have an anterior and posterior and 2 lateral sides are the same

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5
Q

What is Radiata?

A

Symmetrical all around

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6
Q

What is a Deuterostomes?

A

Blastopore becomes the anus ,radial cleavage and mesodermal skeleton, enteroceolic coelom

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7
Q

What is a Protostomes?

A

Blastapore becomes the mouth ,Spiral cleavage, ectodermal skeleton , schizocoelic coelom

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8
Q

What separates chordates from deuterostomes?

A

Pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, endostyle and post anal tail.

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9
Q

What is the notochord?

A

arises from the mesoderm, hydrostatic flexible but resists compression and allows swimming motion

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10
Q

what is the dorsal hollow nerve cord?

A

hollow nerve cord, fluid filled, dorsal location, invagination (neural plate) Derived from ectoderm

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11
Q

what is the role of pharyngeal slits?

A

serve primarily in feeding. The opening allowed the one way flow of a water current

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12
Q

The role of Endostyle?

A

Glandular groove on pharynx (thyroid gland) involved in filter feeding , and the metabolism of iodine

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13
Q

The role of Post Anal tail?

A

a posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus.

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14
Q

All chordates have what?

A

they have a true endostyle and true thyroid gland

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15
Q

What are the first protochordates?

A

Hemichordates, Cephalochordates, Urochordates

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16
Q

what characterizes a hemichordate?

A

they are marine worms, deuterstomes, dorsal pharyngeal slits ( where pharyngeal slits developed, dorsal vessel which means that it has a forward blood flow )

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17
Q

what characterizes Cephalochordates?

A

fish like, has all five chordate characteristics, and amphioxus , posses cilia

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18
Q

what characterizes Urochordata ?

A

Sea squirts and at some point all 5 chordate characters were developed

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19
Q

what are some different characteristics to chordates compared to hemichordates ?

A

ventral pharyngeal slits and dorsal vessel with backward flow

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20
Q

What other characteristics do chordates share with some other taxa?

A

They have segmented body in some parts and myomeres which are sequential blocks of muscle

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21
Q

did chordates first evolve from annelids and arthropods?

A

not enough information to determine lack of evidence

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22
Q

What are some characteristics of echinoderms?

A

T hey are deuterostomes, similar larvae , sessile( organism sit in one place), filter feeders and share characteristics with hemichordates

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23
Q

What unique characteristic do echinoderms develop and why is that characteristic important?

A

They develop elongation that will help them swim better and the ability to suck more food. ( A more active lifestyle, and improved movement)

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24
Q

Are vertebrates diverse and complex?

A

yes

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25
What characteristics are prevalent for the Vertebrates?
Vertebral column, cranium, and cephalization
26
Over the years what replaces the notochord ?
The vertebral column
27
what makes up the vertebral column?
Series of vertebrae with cartilage and bone | and defines the major body axis
28
What characterizes the cranium?
Bone or cartilage, encases brain and supports sensory organs
29
What characterizes cephalization?
contains embryonic characteristics such as Neural Crest and Epidermal Placodes
30
what characteristics distinguish vertebrates from other chordates?
The embryonic features which are the neural crest and epidermal placodes
31
How do prevertabretes feed?
They are suspension feeders such as cilia creating the current to move food into and across the pharynx
32
what evolutionary change did the prevertebrates make?
The development of the muscular pump ( able to consume big food) , muscles around the pharynx, cartilage in pharyngeal bars and gills with that being said vertebrates can't bigger and have a. higher respiratory demand
33
What are Agnathans?
Jawless fishes they have a mouth with suction but no jaw
34
Why did filter feeding get replaced by the muscular pump?
because in larger animals this method became less effective in supplying their greater body mass.
35
What advantage was gained to to having muscle around the pharynx and cartilage in pharyngeal bars?
They were able to eat bigger. things
36
How did the development of gills help the early vertebrates?
they increase the resistance to fluid flow through the pharynx and helped push water to the newly evolving gills supporting the respiratory demands
37
Characteristics of Gnathostomes?
Jaw bearing fishes, raptorial feeding coupled with suction, larger food items need to be held, muscular jaws to open and close fast predation
38
what are the classification of vertebrates?
Jaw based, " footedness" and embryos
39
What does the jaw based vertebrate classification consist of ?
Agnathans and gnathostomes
40
What does the "Footedness" classification consist of?
Tetrapods meaning four footed like reptiles
41
What does Embryos consist of?
Amniotes : Sac like membrane | Anamniotes: not sac like membrane
42
What are Conodonts
These are extinct agnathans resembling eels
43
what is Ostracoderm
extinct Agnathans with shell skin | Most have a bony armor ( some structures similar to fins)
44
Myxiniformes:
Extinct agnathans that produced slime for escape
45
Lampreys:
extinct agnathans
46
for Gnathostomata how was the jaw formed?
from the anterior pharyngeal arches
47
what other characteristic was formed for the gnathostomata vertebrates?
Development of paired fins
48
Placoderm is under gnathostomata what are its characteristics?
Plate skin, dermal armor where we see bony plates, upper and lower jaw , paired appendages and diverse but extinct
49
What are Chondricthyes?
Cartilagenous skeletons
50
Elasmobrachs are knows as what ?
Sharks and Rays
51
Holocephali are known as what
Ratfishes
52
Teleostomi is another Gnathostomes
Teleostomi
53
Acanthoddi is part of teleostomi what are it characteristics?
small fish, prominent fin spines and sister taxa to bony fishes
54
Osteichthyes are bony fishes and what are they characterized in?
bone in the endoskeleton, bony operculum ( protection to the gills) , swim bladder, body covered by overlapping scales, terminal mouth and find ofter have lepidotrichia have spines or rays
55
Paleonischiformes
primitive ray finned fishes
56
Neopterygii:
derived ray finned fishes ( vTeleosts): circular scales, ossified vertebra, swim bladder, and complex jaw mobility
57
Sarcopeterygii :
internal nostrils, muscular fleshy paired lobe fins, heavy scales, they gave rise to terrestrial vertebrates ( able to sticks their head out to breath)
58
Actinopterygii consist of
paleonisciformeds and neopterigii
59
Actinopterygii consist of
paleonisciformes and neopterygii
60
Tetrapods have what characteristics:
lungs. for respiration and limbs for walking
61
What is chiridium ?
Muscular limbs with joints and digits
62
Lissamphibia:
modern amphibians with paired lungs require water moist skin no amnion metamorphic and poikilotherms ( can not regulates its temperature)
63
Caudata is a lissamphibian with what kind of characteristic
long body and tail, eternal and internal Fert, no tympanum (eardrum) , metamorphic
64
Anura is also an lissamphibian what are the characteristics
Adult with no tail, jumping morphology, extreme metaphorposis, eternal fertilization
65
Gymnophiona
burrowers, solid, not limbs and internal fertilization
66
what is amniotes?
sac like membrane around the embryo reptiles , birds and mammals
67
Temporal Fenestre
Anapsid: no temporal opening Synapsid: singel dips- paired
68
Temporal Fenestre
Anapsid: no temporal opening Synapsid: single dips- paired
69
Testudines
They are turtles and they did not take a huge genetic change and be anapsid or diapsid
70
What are the shells of the turtle?
Carapace: Dorsal | Plastron_ ventral and how genes
71
Lepidosauria is what
modern lizards and snakes they a scaly reptiles with complete temporal bars, quadrate not movable compared to braincase and teeth fused jaw
72
Lepidosauria squamates
they lose the lower temporal bar and quadratojugal | quadrate bone is now movable
73
what are some examples of squamates?
lizards: imbed or limbless , movable eyelids snakes: limbless and extreme skull flexibility amphibaenians liblmess burrowers thick skulls to push trough dirt
74
Aves
most closely related to crocodilians they have feathers, try flight, light with bones, air sacs, endothermic, teeth absent and lack urninarry bladder
75
Synapsida:
mammal like
76
Mammalia:
3 earbones and one bone makes up the lower jaw, mammary glands, hair, sweat glands , red blood cells
77
what are the mammal classifications?
platypus, their, matatheria, and eutheria
78
platypus is what ?
they lay eggs , poorly developed , mamary glands and poor ability to maintain. temperature, cloaca
79
Theria
bear live young , well developed mammary glands
80
Metatheria:
no true placenta and short uterine development
81
Eutheria:
true/ placental mammals rodents

Comparative Anatomy, function evolution (4 decks)

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