Lecture 2 - Biological Molecules Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 2 - Biological Molecules Deck (18)
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1
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction that occurs when two molecules are joined together with the removal of water

2
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Reaction that occurs when one molecules is split into two smaller molecules with the addition of water

3
Q

Composition of a cell (4)

A

Water 70
Inorganic ions 1
Small Organic molecules 3
Macromolecules 26

4
Q

Two types of monosaccharides

A

Aldehyde - Aldose

Ketone - Ketose

5
Q

General formula of carbohydrates

A

Cx(H20)y

6
Q

Glucose (5)

A

4 chiral centres
Forms enantiomers
Can be either D (right) or L (left) depending on where -OH group is placed on 5th carbon
D glucose gives a and b glucose.
a glucose when -OH pointing down on carbon 1

7
Q

How is glucose suited to its function (4)

A

Soluble- easily transported around.
Small molecules – can diffuse across cell membranes.
Easily/quickly, respired/oxidised to produce ATP.
Can form maltose and glycogen.

8
Q

Examples of Disacccharides (4)

A

Maltose (malt sugar) = α glucose + α glucose
Sucrose (milk sugar) = α glucose + fructose
Lactose (milk sugar) = α glucose + β galactose
Cellobiose = β glucose + β glucose

9
Q

Oligosaccharides - BREAK DOWN THE NAME
- definition - 2 functions
(4)

A

Is a saccharide polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides
Monosaccharides and lipids - blood groups
Cell recognition
Cell binding

10
Q

Amino acids (7)

A
Chiral carbon
D (right) or L (left) form (L form are only used and formed in cells). Some D in walls of bacteria
D amino acids are used in therapy
Except glycine (R group is a H)
Peptide bonds and condensation reaction 
Precursors to hormones
11
Q

AA Precursors to hormones

A

Tyrosine —> Adrenaline (triggers glycogen breakdown)

Histidine —> Histamine (vasodilator)

12
Q

Nucleic acids (6)

A
Sugar, base and phosphate 
Pyrimidines (single ringed) - T and C
Purines (double ringed) - A and G
2 - A and T. 3 - G and C.
Nucleic acids made in 5’ to 3’ end
Bases joined by hydrogen bonds
13
Q

Lipids

A

Ester bonds/ esterification

14
Q

Esterification

A

A condensation reaction where -OH group of a carboxylic acid and the -OH of an alcohol produce an Ester.

15
Q
Define triglyceride (1)
Functions of triglycerides (5)
A
One glycerol and three fatty acids (members of carboxylic acids)
Energy store
Energy source
Insulation
Buoyancy
Protection
16
Q

Phospholipids

A

2 fatty acids and a phosphate
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head

17
Q

Cholesterol

A

Decreases fluidity of membrane
Increases flexibility of membrane
Reduces permeability for solubility molecules

18
Q

Diseases caused by a single molecule (3)

A

Diabetes (insulin-dependent): Absence of protein hormone (insulin) leads to failure to regulate blood glucose.
Sickle cell disease: One amino acid change in a globin chain causes haemoglobin to aggregate into a polymer.
Cystic fibrosis: Absence of membrane protein that transports chloride leads to altered properties of secretions.